The treatment planning sequence for implant dentistry begins with the design of final restoration.

While most of dental implants complications arise post to loading prostheses fabrication, more focus should be taken in consideration to build a unique superstructure system that is able to improve the prognosis particularly for high risky patients who suffer from various parafunctional habits.

To diminish failure rate and prolong the success rate of complicated occlusal skim, seven hints should closely be followed;

1. Adjust the harmful occlusion prior to final prosthesis delivery.
2. Restore neighboring teeth to their ultimate strength.
3. Use a reliable dental implant system.
4. Have the widest possible dental implant body (Avoid ≤ 3.0 mm and > 5.0 mm).
5. Restore the implant-abutment system to the highest resistant status.
6. If possible, build the prosthesis 0.5 mm out of occlusion.
7. Firmly follow up the case within first year then every six months for the next decade.

Objective: This purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of salivary chromogranin A as salivary stress biomarker in paediatric dental patients.

Materials and Methods: A total of twenty-three patients attending the department for various dental treatments were included in the study. Out of total 23 patients, 13 (56.5%) were males and 10 (43.5%) were females. Children who needed multiple treatments and visits were included. Statistical analyses utilized were Student’t’ test, Analysis of Variance and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.

Results: On both first and second visits, the mean value of pre-treatment CgA was found to 491.53 ± 332.67 (pg/ml) & 568.96 ± 373.42 (pg/ml) respectively, which were slightly more than the mean value of post-treatment CgA, that were only 450.56 ± 413.60 (pg/ml) & 461.86 ± 388.00 (pg/ml) respectively. The difference between these two values was not statistically significant at both first (p=0.485) and second (p=0.205) visits. A significant high positive correlation (rho = 0.428, p = 0.041) & (rho = 0.551, p = 0.006) was seen between the pre & post treatment values of CgA at first and second visits respectively. Hence, it was concluded that CgA can be used as a salivary stress biomarker in paediatric patients.

Discussion: Gender wise, no significant differences were seen in total Children Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale scores in the present study. It was, therefore, concluded that the psychological development gradually matures their ability to relate things with the previous exposure or with the other similar unpleasant experiences as age increases.

Dysfunctional breathing may complicate inflammatory conditions and impair quality of life. One of the easiest ways to identify a patient with dysfunctional breathing is to note whether they are a mouth breather however, this is only one aspect of many that we can explore and earn more about. As health professionals it will help us to understand the acuteness of inflammation in certain clients and its relation to their breathing habits therefore, learning how to help them overcome that. Due to the fact that as dental practitioners we are able to see our patients a lot more frequently that other health professionals it would be ideal if we equipped ourselves with assessment tools, and solutions to dysfunctional breathing. Moreover, there are several methods that health professionals use for correcting breathing habits though this review will focus on Buteyko breathing techniques. "The Buteyko system is named after its coordinator Doctor Konstantin Buteyko." It is the best medication free approach for the administration of asthma and other breathing related issues."

This presentation will help you to understand the extent of effect of dysfunctional breathing, how to assess patients, and what practical advice you can provide for your clients.

In recent years, the argument for warning people against drinking sports drink while exercising is increasingly getting widespread attention. In reality, it causes thirst and a decrease in salivary secretion.  In addition to possibly inducing the onset of dental caries. Also, it is often said that the amount of sugar contained in sports drinks adversely affects health. They are correct theoretically, but on the other hand, athletes need adequate fluid intake during their sports activities. Some athletes also need electrolytes and other nutrients.

When we only focus on the risk of developing dental caries and health concerns, we tend to give athletes the simplistic advice. This being to avoid any drinks containing carbohydrates like sports drink. On the contrary, by offering the athlete a way of minimizing the risk of developing caries when having sports drinks, it is possible to meet the diverse needs of the athlete as the athlete’s entourage. As for the method and support of athlete’s oral health, I would like to establish and suggest them scientifically based on the evidence obtained from each medical institution as a professional dental hygienist specializing in sports dentistry. 

The aim of this study is to analyse the etiological factors underlying the presence of maxillary midline diastema in a sample of Orthodontic patients.

Materials and Methods. One hundred patients who fulfil the inclusion criteria were selected from1355 patients seeking orthodontic treatment. The pre-treatment orthodontic records were analysed. "The width of the maxillary midline diastema was estimated clinically with an advanced caliper at two levels: the mesioincisal edges of the focal incisors and five millimetres from the incisal edge." The two estimations were arrived at the midpoint of, and patients with diastema of more than 0.5 millimetres in width were selected."

Results:

Diastema is a multifactorial clinical finding with more than one underlying etiological cause. "The interrelationship between the familial example of midline diastema and the microdontia, macroglossia, labial fraenum, and alveolar separated acclimates was clear.

”The impact of a mesiodens and the upper sidelong incisor whether respectively absent, unerupted, or peg formed was negligible."

Conclusion

Etiological factors underlying maxillary midline diastema are interconnected. "Utilizing an agenda as a guide during taking care of maxillary midline diastema is significant in the various phases of treatment."

Healing is a complex process and great potential is found in using biomaterials as surgical additives to control the inflammation and increase the speed of healing process in dentistry, the "improvement of bioactive careful added substances, which are being utilized to manage the irritation and increment the speed of mending process, is one of the incredible difficulties in clinical research." "In this issue Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) offers a promising common arrangement giving good outcomes." PRF is a fibrin matrix in which platelet cytokines, growth factors and cells are trapped "what's more, might be discharged after a specific time and that can fill in as a resorbable film."PRF was developed in France by Joseph Choukroun et al. in 2001. "They utilized PRF to improve bone recuperating in instances of inserts." Finally, the next generation is MPM Since it shows a sticky and homogenous component. Therefore, the fibrin act as fibrin glue and in this way the whole mass of the MPM will not move. The MPM is the only natural and autogenously product that can offer the stability to the bone particles. This stability was missed in the particles on the PRF alone or mixed with bone graft or bone substitute, and it will not give the needed stability or the needed resistance to the chewing forces, so will not help in the bone regeneration. Based on the structure of the MPM, this product should be considered every time a bone grafting procedure is approached.

Dental implants have truly come a long way since the days of Brenemark. In modern dentistry, dental implants in general, and immediate implant placement in specific, have almost become a mainstream treatment option for the restoration of missing teeth. But speaking prictically, what use is an immediate implant to the patient if they must still wait months before they receive a crown to use?

Advances in surgical and prosthetic methods and protocols have made the immediate loading of immediate implants a successful and desirable treatment modality. Research clearly demonstrates that in the hands of the capable clinician, the immediate loading/temporisation of immediate implants can save time, decrease post surgical bone loss, aid in implant osseo-integration, help sculpt soft tissue, and ultimately allow the faster delivery of the implant prosthesis to the patient.

Learning Objectives:

1.        Accurately differentiate the terms immediate implant, early delayed implant, and delayed implant.

2.        Accurately differentiate the terms early implant loading, early delayed implant loading, and delayed implant loading.

3.        Accurately differentiate the terms functional implant loading and non functional implant loading.

4.        Recognise the scientific reasearch pretaining to the immediate non-occlusal loading of immediate implants.

5.        Identify the clinical requirements of immediate implants and how to achieve them.

6.        Identify the clinical requirements of immediate non-occlusal loading of immediate implants and how to achieve them.

Observe a clinical step-by-step protocol for immediate non-occlusal loading of immediate implants.

Dysfunctional breathing may complicate inflammatory conditions and impair quality of life. One of the easiest ways to identify a patient with dysfunctional breathing is to note whether they are a mouth breather however, this is only one aspect of many that we can explore and earn more about. As health professionals it will help us to understand the acuteness of inflammation in certain clients and its relation to their breathing habits therefore, learning how to help them overcome that. Due to the fact that as dental practitioners we are able to see our patients a lot more frequently that other health professionals it would be ideal if we equipped ourselves with assessment tools, and solutions to dysfunctional breathing. Moreover, there are several methods that health professionals use for correcting breathing habits though this review will focus on Buteyko breathing techniques. "The Buteyko system is named after its coordinator Doctor Konstantin Buteyko." It is the best medication free approach for the administration of asthma and other breathing related issues."

This presentation will help you to understand the extent of effect of dysfunctional breathing, how to assess patients, and what practical advice you can provide for your clients.

• Traditional and complimentary medicines in dental practices-An evidence based approach
• This will cover introduction to natural/herbal products used for oral health,their clinical indications and clinical  cases 
• Role and mechanism of action relation of time and individual body type and herbal / natural medicines and its drug interaction.
• Oil pulling its clinical and microbial study presentation for oral health and its significance in oral and general health.
• Need for integrative or traditional medicine for oral health along with modern approach.

Dry socket is not only one of the most common complications after tooth extraction but also the management of it is a controversy. Numerous great studies have been published from time to time in order to suggest an effective, safe method for its prevention and treatments. “Dry socket” was first described in the literature in 1896 by Crawford. Since then, other terms have been used to refer to these complications, such as alveolar osteitis/AO, alveolitis, localized osteitis, septic socket, necrotic socket,  alveolalgia,  and few more. The term fibrinolytic osteitis is the least used in the literature. “Dry socket”, which is the generic term and “alveolar osteitis”, is more commonly used terms. The occurrence of dry socket is relatively rare, occurring in about 2% of tooth extractions. However, that percentage rises to at least 5-15% when it involves the removal of mandibular impacted third molars. But can be reached up to 30 to 50 % in the same case. Severe throbbing pain within(commonly after three to five days) a few days after tooth extraction is the main complaint of dry socket and not tooth remained in the socket. dry socket is not a true infection it is just delay healing. The signs and symptoms may last from 10 days to 40 days of it. In addition to it, Females are more frequently affected than males. The goals of treatment are relief the pain and prevent bacterial contamination inside the socket or nearby.

Current concepts in root canal system preparation still largely rely on mechanical instrumentation. Two major factors affect the choice of instruments for root canal preparation: its ability to achieve the root canal shaping and its safety. 

The file accuracy is linked to its resistance to fracture, its lack of threading in dentinal walls when used in continuous rotary motion and its ability to respect the initial canal path in curved canals. The original canal anatomy must be maintained. Most of these factors depend on the profile of the instrument and so, on the design of its active part. 

For more then 25 years NiTi have been used to shape root canal space. Ever since companies have been trying to improve endodontic files in order to achieve a more predictable outcome of the shaping procedures and enhance the cleaning efficiency of endodontic irrigants , fracture free instrumentation along with magnification which will able to achieve predictable endodontic  . Innovations focused on the designs of the files such as cross sections, taper, helical angles and many other specifications that distinguish the identity of a specific instruments.  This evolution reduced significantly file breakage that nevertheless was still haunting NiTi users and pushed forward the researches into new directions.

Ceramic veneers are considered a conservative solution for patients requiring improvement of the shape, color, or position of their anterior teeth. Ceramic veneers have been extensively and successfully used. This presentation and workshop aimed to describe the Digital Smile Design to offer the most reliable technique that allows dentists to design a unique, natural and realistic smile, how to design the wax up based on a digital smile, mock-up technique, and the best material, then showing the different technique for veneer preparation. Later, discusses the best material and techniques for ceramic cementation.

Objective • Understand the philosophy of esthetic dentistry. • Design the smile by using Digital Technology • The indications and contraindications of veneers. • Learn teeth preparation for veneers, temporization, and cementation to achieve predictable results.

Healing is a complex process. and great potential is found in using biomaterials as surgical additives to control the inflammation and increase the speed of healing process in dentistry, the development of bioactive surgical additives, which are being used to regulate the inflammation and increase the speed of healing process, is one of the great challenges in clinical research. In this matter Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) offers a promising natural solution providing satisfactory results. PRF is a fibrin matrix in which platelet cytokines, growth factors and cells are trapped and may be released after a certain time and that can serve as a resorbable membrane. PRF was developed in France by Joseph Choukroun et al. in 2001. They used PRF to improve bone healing in cases of implants. Finally, the next generation is MPM Since it shows a sticky and homogenous component. Therefore, the fibrin act as fibrin glue and in this way the whole mass of the MPM will not move. The MPM is the only natural and autogenous product that can offer the stability to the bone particles. This stability was missed in the particles on the PRF alone or mixed with bone graft or bone substitute, and it will not give the needed stability or the needed resistance to the chewing forces, so will not help in the bone regeneration. Based on the structure of the MPM, this product should be considered every time a bone grafting procedure is approached.