As we approach an age of deeper discoveries in hostile environments, we need  to either improve on existing industry or design new ones in order to meet the technological demands for success.

Wide ranges of naturally occurring polymers derived from renewable resources  are available for material applications (cellulose, starch, CMC, etc.). Natural resources like Baggas, Musket and wheat from different areas in Sudan are the research investigation interest.

Five basic properties are usually defined by the industrial program and monitored during fabricating: Rheology, density, and fluid density, and fluid loss, solid content and chemical properties. If the fluids properties are uncontrolled, there  will be very serious risks and hazards in terms of economic and safety.

This study is focuses on the Isolation and Utilization of Polymers and suggests Cellulose Biomasses Polymers Fabricating Unit Design from Local materials for industry and especially for petroleum industry applications in order to increase the national income by adding a natural resource and to decrease the cost and dependency on the imported polymers from abroad.

The present research work was undertaken while keeping in mind the green chemistry principles. The emphasis was on fly ash waste utilization, an efficient use of renewable resources and avoiding the use of toxic and / or hazardous materials to manufacture value added chemical products. When coal is subjected to combustion, it generates a lot of undesired ash which needs a large land area for its disposal. Moreover, it pollutes natural resources. The major percentage of fly ash is utilized for mine filling, bricks, tiles and cement manufacturing. So far, not much research efforts have been put on the fly ash utilization for the development of catalysts. In the present endeavor, an attempt has been made to synthesize sulfated fly ash (SFA) and Mordenite type zeolite catalysts from waste coal fly ash. The composition of major and trace elements in the fly ash was identified using XRF analysis. Based on XRF results, the fly ash can be classified as Class F-type and its SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio was found to be 1.46. The catalysts were characterized by various techniques such as SEM, EDS, XRD, TGA, BET surface area, TPD-NH₃, SS NMR, etc. The developed catalysts were utilized for conversion of maize acid oil into biodiesel and biomass derived levulinic acid (LA) esterification. LA is an important biomass derived feedstock whereas, maize acid feed stock is waste obtained from refining of crude maize oil. The maximum biodiesel and LA conversion were found to be 98.25 % and 83 % respectively.

Computational chemistry is especially important for understanding the structures and properties of compounds and for elucidating mechanisms of chemical reactions, in turn, helps in the design of new reactions and catalysts. To achieve green syntheses, we have explored the effects of assistant (catalyst), solvent, and counterion on the reactions to optimize the experimental conditions towards green synthesis.1-7 A series of novel organic synthesis reactions with trace water-, water solvent-, self-catalyzed and water replacing organic toxic solvents have been achieved by DFT calculation with following findings. 1) The chairlike [3,3]-intramolecular shift was found to be the rate-limiting step for the water-catalyst mechanism with lower energy barrier in both gas-phase and QM/MM simulated bulk water, compared with those under neat condition for aromatic Claisen Rearrangement.1 2) Economic reaction approaches were designed for the reported domino cyclization between gem-dialkylthio vinylallenes and benzylamine in DMSO solvent, namely, this reaction can be improved under organic solvent-free conditions either catalyzed by trace water or self-catalyzed by BnNH2.3 3) [DBU-H]+-H2O was found to be the effective catalyst form in the proton migration transition state rather than traditional suggestion [DBU-H]+-OH– for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-Ones.4 4) We have found a green “On water” synthetic strategy for biphenol derivatives previously prepared in MeCN by β-Naphthol and Formaldehyde.5 5) The mechanism of N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) promoted synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine can be altered and accelerated by solvent water and substrate. Water acts as solvent, reactant, anchoring, stabilizer, and catalyst in our explored reactions. Therefore we open a new efficient and green strategy for the synthesis of previously reported reactions.

Long exposure of intensive blue and violet lights could be highly hazardous to human eyes, regardless day or night, and extremely threatful to melatonin generation at night. These two "blue hazards" can be quantified according to the well-known photoretinitis function and action spectrum of melatonin suppression. Retina and melatonin friendly lighting sources can hence be designed, accordingly. We will demonstrate herein that blue emission free candlelight style organic light-emitting diode (OLED) can be the ideal healthy lighting measure. It is strongly suggested that luminaires, as well as 3C monitors, be dimmed to a very low level, such as 10 lx, and switched to a blue light-less mode or to an ultra-low color temperature, such as 1,600 to 1,800K, if light using is not preventable.

The alternative conception of "black body" (in the wave diffraction sense) is represented in this article for electromagnetic waves. For several decades, many researchers have tried to find a structure (constant in time, and with field representation by complex amplitudes at any frequency) of an absorbing shell that would satisfy simultaneously (jointly) the following conditions: (a) effective absorption; (b) a spatial ultra-wide absorption band (i.e. the absorption efficiency is independent of the spatial frequency or of incident wave direction), (c) an ultra-wide absorption band (i.e. the absorption efficiency does not depend on the incident wave time frequency), (d) the small thickness of the absorbing coating compared to the length of the absorbed wave and to the geometric dimension of protected body. But without full success, because any wave to be absorbed need time (more or equal to its period) and distance (more or equal to its wavelength) to have time to make a work (if we do not make conversion its frequency) on the absorber. Now remind that in all these years microelectronic technologies (designed for computational purposes and according the law Gordon Moore) have been intensively developed: the miniature and rate of the element base (or the spatial-temporal resolution). On the other hand wavelengths that were intended to be absorbed by the “black” shells remained the same due to the constant conditions of the long-range propagation of these waves. This work is an attempt to use the great successes of nano-electronics to satisfy conditions (a)-(d) jointly. The required level of nano-electronics development is very high, but quite real today. Spatial interior construction of black body is presented by thin micro-structure having boundaries like foam or, in other words, air cavities or cells (virtual resonators with oscillatory relaxation of the interior field) separated from each other by very thin walls of controlled transparency. Temporal control of these boundaries (walls) is very fast periodical switching between nonreflecting (opened walls, transparent, mutually isolated metal pieces, closed switches) and the reflecting (closed walls, opaque, like metal grid, united metal pieces, opened switches) states of walls. During transparent state the structure the structure lets in itself an incident wave without scattering. At the beginning of the reflecting state of the foam walls, “instant metallization” of walls splits the instant spatial distribution of incident wave into a lot small pieces which become the initial conditions of oscillations inside the very small virtual resonators. The minimum own frequency (in the metal cavity cannot be zero natural frequency) of the any virtual resonator is very higher than the inverse duration of incident wave propagation through the thickness of the foam-like shell. The smaller geometric dimension of the virtual resonator, the higher its minimum natural frequency.  So any part of incident wave, which came into the shell, has enough time to be absorbed. And energy of incident wave scattered by shell in its reflecting state can be much less than the energy absorbed by virtual resonators if the duration of transparent state (in each period of switching) is very greater than the reflecting state duration. Thus, the virtual resonator is a special nano-electronic chip, which does not process signals, but is a direct participant in life of waves to be absorbed.

In this research hydrophobic task-specific room temperature ionic liquid (HTSRTIL) coated on the magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotube (MMWCNT) have been prepared by in-situ electrostatic immobilization. The as-sorbent has been successfully used for the speciation/extraction of chromium species. Total chromium was determined by oxidizing Cr (III) to Cr (VI) using KMnO₄ in acidic media. The adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR). The analyte being finally determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The influence of several experimental variables (including pH, amount of adsorbent, sample volume, extraction time and desorption solvent) has been considered in depth in the optimization process. The developed method, which has been analytically characterized under its optimal operation conditions, allows linear range between 1-200 µg L⁻¹ and detection limits of 0.4 µg L⁻¹. The repeatability of the method expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD) 4.9% (n = 5) while the enrichment factor is 300. The proposed procedure has been applied for the speciation of chromium from water (tap, spring, river, and well), vegetables (cabbage, broccoli, cress, and leek), soil (from coal mine), and fish with the recoveries in the range from 70 to 103%.

Various raw materials like plant bio mass have been used to produce cellulose , the aim of this study was ,to extract cellulose from palm frond ,then to convert the extracted cellulose to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by etherification using sodium monochloro acetic acid and sodium hydroxide, the reaction was optimized against temperature ,concentration and reaction time ,the optimized product has a large degree of substitution 0.77 was determined at temperature 55 C, sodium concentration 30%, amount of (MCAA) 3g per 1g of cellulose and reaction period 4 hours it’s found that ,when the concentration of NaoH was increased beyond 30% , an obvious decrease in DS was observed. (FTIR),(XRD),(TGA) spectrum were used to characterize the synthesized CMC .

In this talk, metal nanoparticle embedded novel glass, the concept of glassy network, the unusual physical properties of such materials, their fabrication challenges and their potential application in photonic, are generally introduced to the audiences. Photoluminescence of rare earth ions doped in glassy matrix can be enhanced by metal nanostructures dispersed in the active medium through local field enhancement and/or energy transfer. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) arises from metallic nanoparticles results in giant and highly localized electric fields around nanoparticles. In addition to isotropic spherical NPs, optically coupled NPs and also anisotropic NPs with sharp edges by confinement of the local surface electric field at their sharp edges are fascinating for nanometal enhanced fluorescence (NMEF) studies. Although, fabrication and characterization of metal nanostructures embedded in glass matrices have been performed by many researchers, fabrication of non-spherical metallic nanostructures in glass matrices has had remarkably little success and remains a challenge. In this talk, the concept will also be delivering to the audiences through an example of matrix adjustment thermal reduction method of synthesis of silver nanostructures in Er3+/Yb3+ activated GeO2-PbO glass matrix. The main focus of this talk is on fabrication challenges, nano/glass material structure, and optical properties.

Today there is not a single field remains where artificial intelligence and machine learning has left its mark, whether it is understanding the data generated from the CERN collider, identifying exoplanets, detecting Alzheimer or predicting financial markets, its presence can be seen everywhere. At the heart of this overwhelming success are deep neural networks, multi-layered neural network models. This success can be attributed to two major technological advancements, one the specialized processing units which could perform matrix operations (multiplication and addition) in parallel (Graphical processing units GPU and Tensor Processing Units TPU). Second, the internet and the multitude of devices connected to the internet and as a result availability of large amount of data. Despite this tremendous success, there are challenges and areas, the problem of reproducibility in AI, the unsolved problem of artificial general intelligence and excessively long training time for recurrent neural networks and reinforcement learning agents. Quantum deep neural networks with the possibility of achieving computational supremacy promises to offer another technological leap. In this talk we will, provide a comprehensive survey of the available quantum computing infrastructure. The main emphasis of the talk will be quantum models implementing deep neural networks. The existing deep learning models need to be redesigned to work on quantum processors. We will demonstrate how to implement a quantum associative memory and perform an image classification task using quantum neural networks. Finally, the talk will summarize the challenges ahead in this exciting merger of two young fields.

A generalized mean grating (GMG) is proposed to generate two first-order diffraction peaks with the generalized mean, which includes the m-golden mean, precious mean, and so on. The construction method of the GMG is illustrated in detail. The focusing properties of the proposed gratings have been also studied in the simulations and experiments. The proposed grating has the potential application in the field of far-field super-resolution imaging.

Marine pollution around cities is largely due to the discharge of untreated industrial and domestic wastes. Mumbai City generates a large amount of domestic waste water which is released largely untreated into the coastal waters. As a result, the marine environment is adversely affected and marine life gets depleted. The health of a water body is defined by physicochemical parameters like BOD, COD, DO, salinity and pH. Domestic waste water is rich in microorganisms which help in its biodegradation by a process of wet oxidation. In the presence of microorganisms, the carbonaceous organic matter in domestic waste gets oxidized:

Carbon in organic matter + O₂ --------à  CO₂ + H₂O + Biomass

The first order kinetics of biodegradation of domestic waste by wet oxidation has been studied with particular reference to the effects of 1) salinity in the range [Cl^-1] =0 to 20000 mg L^-1 and 2) temperature (20C, 27C) on the rate of biodegradation. An inverse relationship was observed between the rate of biodegradation and salinity .The relatively high temperatures in tropical regions significantly affect biodegradation rates. The chemical reactions occurring in the oceans during the degradation of organic wastes are governed by thermodynamic considerations hence the wet oxidation was studied at different temperatures and thermodynamic activation parameters of the reaction were evaluated and interpreted. The BOD values have been calculated at different salinities from the DO values determined at regular time intervals during the degradation process and correlated with the rate of biodegradation of domestic waste water. Dissolved Oxygen was determined by Alsteberg azide modification of the Winkler method. Similarly, the kinetics of degradation of a synthetic sample, Glucose- Glutamic acid was studied. The slow degradation of organic matter in environmental effluents like domestic waste should be critically considered while planning the disposal options for organic wastes in the marine ecosystem. Recommendations have been made to local municipal authorities to treat domestic waste before discharge into the coastal waters.