Genetic engineering is the artificial process of genetic modification, manipulation, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to enhance or modify the characteristics of an individual organism. Genetic engineering can be applied to the study of diseases in humans and collection of human genetic sequences that could provide a complete record for inheritance of healthy individuals. Genetically modified bacteria are frequently used for generating industrial chemicals. A large multitude of organic chemicals are being synthesized at large scales with the help of genetically engineered microorganisms. An important application of genetic engineering is to modify the genotype of crop plants to make them more nutritious, productive, protein rich, disease and abiotic stress resistant, and less fertilizer consuming. Genetic engineering and plant tissue culture techniques are used to produce high yielding cereals, pulses and vegetable crops.
Functionality of biomaterials for these forms is depends upon the chemical reaction such as localized or systemic response at the surface tethered moieties or encapsulated therapeutic factors such as drugs, genes, cells, growth factors, hormones and other active agents to specific target sites. The application of functional biomaterials is rehabilitation, reconstruction, regeneration, repair, ophthalmic applications and act as therapeutic solutions. It has the property of biocompatibility and produce inertness response to the tissue. The biomaterial-mediated gene therapy aim to use polymeric gene therapy systems to halt the progression of neuron loss through neuro-protective routes and it combine stem cell therapy and biomaterial delivery system in order to enhance regeneration or repair after ischemic injury.
Molecular biology concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between the different types of DNA, RNA and proteins and their biosynthesis, and studies how these interactions are regulated. It has many applications like in gene finding, molecular mechanisms of diseases and its therapeutic approaches by cloning, expression and regulation of gene. Research area includes gene expression, epigenetics and chromatin structure and function, RNA processing, functions of non-coding RNAs, transcription. Nowadays, Most advanced researches are going on these topics: Molecular biology, DNA replication, repair and recombination, Transcription, RNA processing, Post-translational modification, proteomics, Mutation, Site-directed mutagenesis, Epigenetics, chromatin structure and function, Molecular mechanisms of diseases
Medicinal biotechnology aims to produce pharmaceutical and diagnostic products for the prevention and treatment of human diseases using living cells and cell materials. The areas of application of medicinal biotechnology are genetic testing, drug production, gene therapy and pharmacogenomics. One of the major uses in biotechnology is for medicinal purposes. Modern applications of biotechnology continue to find promising new uses in the medicinal and health care fields.
DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling is a method used to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA. DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspects' profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime.
Cell Biology is the investigation of cell structure and capacity, and it rotates around the idea that the cell is the principal unit of life. Concentrating on the cell allows a point by point comprehension of the tissues and life forms that cells make.
Clinical Trials of Cell and Gene Therapy products often varying from the clinical trials design for other types of pharmaceutical products. This differences in trial design are necessitated by the distinctive features of these products. The clinical trials also reflect previous clinical experience and evidence of medicine. Early experiences with Cell and Gene Therapy products indicate that some CGT products may pose substantial risks to subjects due to effect at cellular and genetic level. The design of early-phase clinical trials of Cell and Gene Therapy products often involves the following consideration of clinical safety issues, preclinical issues, and chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC) issues that are encountered
Gene Therapy basically involves the introduction or alteration of genetic material within a cell or organism with an intention of curing the disease. Both cell therapy and gene therapy are overlapping fields of biomedical research with the goals of repairing the direct cause of Genetic diseases in DNA or cellular population respectively, the discovery of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s provided tools to efficiently develop gene therapy. Scientists use these techniques to readily manipulate viral genomes, isolate genes and identify mutations involved in human disease, characterize and regulate gene expressions, and engineer various viral and non-viral vectors. Various long-term treatments for anemia, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, Gauscher’s disease, lysosomal storage diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and diseases of bones and joints are resolved through successful gene therapy
Customary methods for quality treatment fuse transfection. It twisted up evidently inefficient and confined fundamentally in light of transport of value into at present duplicating cells in-vitro. Quality treatment utilizes the transport of DNA into cells by techniques for vectors, for instance, natural nanoparticles or viral vectors and non-viral methodologies. The Several sorts of diseases vectors used as a piece of value treatment are retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-related contamination and herpes simplex contamination. While other recombinant viral vector structures have been delivered, retroviral vectors remain the most surely understood vector system for quality treatment traditions and most prominent application in view of their undeniable significance as the essential vectors made for powerful quality treatment application and the soonest phases of the field of value treatment.
Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetic, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics, and genetic counseling.
Genes can be the common factor of the qualities of most human-inherited traits. Study of human genetics can be useful as it can answer questions about human nature, understand the diseases and development of effective disease treatment, and understand genetics of human life. This article describes only basic features of human genetics.
Stem cells are undifferentiated normal cells that experience mitosis to deliver more cells, which are found in multicellular living beings. They are of two sorts, embryonic and grown-up stem cells. The stem cell treatment was seen to be a lifesaving treatment for patients with solid tumors and blood issues. Stem cells can be gained from the umbilical string after a child's introduction to the world. Possibly they can in like manner be gotten from periphery blood and bone marrow. As demonstrated by the reports, in the US the availability of stem cell treatment was $15.2 million out of 2007 and $16.5 million each 2008 and it is assessed to reach $11 billion by 2020.
Stem cell treatment is the technique for using stem cells for regarding similarly as turning away any ailment or disarray. Bone marrow transplantation is the most comprehensively used stem cell treatment, however, but some stem cell treatment using umbilical cord blood is also in practice.
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