The ecosystem classification of land (ECL) has been developed, and integrated as the hierarchical system. We recently tried implementing hierarchical ecosystem classification in 300 Dry Domain of the United States, 100 Polar Domain of Canada, and 500 Plateau Domain of China, which demonstrated and simulated the environment changes in the global scales (Zhang, 2021; Zhang and West 2021). Global warming has substantial effects on terrestrial ecosystems in the different Ecoregions. For example, under global warming influences, the Great Salt Lake, the world's 33rd largest water body, has occurred a warmer climate that has increased the evaporation without offsetting increases in rainfall, which causes the lake shrinking, and salinity level increase. These changes would have adverted the impacts on migratory bird populations. In addition, the rangelands of the Great Basin are already threatened by the expansion of non-native weedy species (European cheatgrass) and the increases in the frequency and severity of wildfires (Zhang and West, 2021). Arctic sea ice in Yukon Territory is melting, reducing the minimum annual sea ice area and overall volume. Sea ice melt appears to be accelerating, with most of the melt occurring in the past decade. Approximately 300 km3 of sea ice volume is lost per year. The remaining sea ice is becoming younger and thinner. Over the past 50 years, winters are warming more than in other seasons, with an average increase of 4ºC in Yukon. Yukon's annual average temperature has increased by 2ºC, twice the global rate (Streiker, 2016; Zhang and West, 2021). The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is experiencing rapid temperature changes, and fluctuations have significantly affected the alpine tundra ecosystem, producing essential changes in the global energy balance and carbon budget. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is situated in southwestern China and is the highest continental landmass in the world. We present a changing alpine tundra vegetaion using Vegetation Dynamic Simulation Model (VDSM) integrated with scenarios of global temperature increase of 1 to 3°C (Zhang et al., 2008, 2021). BIOME4 model (Song et al., 2005) illustrated the vegetation biomass changes and the vegetation distribution dynamics in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Domain level in responses to global warming.

For approximately the last 10,000 years, our planet has had a stable, predictable climate. Called the Holocene period, humans were able to flourish during this period, developing agriculture and complex infrastructures. This is now changing. We are now entering a new phase called the Anthropocene period, characterised by significant human impact on the Earth’s geology and ecosystems, including, not limited to, anthropogenic climate change. The emission of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), has been the leading cause of climate change and global warming since the mid- 20th century. Today, the joint action of anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel burning, deforestation, and cement production are elevating CO2 levels in the atmosphere from a concentration of approximately 280 parts per million (ppm) as observed in pre-industrial times to above 400 ppm. Total fossil CO2 emissions are now 62% higher than emissions at the time international climate negotiations began in 1990, and present projections predict a sharp increase in these concentrations, reaching up to 535-983 ppm in the atmosphere by the end of the 21st century This increase in greenhouse gas levels is trapping greater heat, causing The UNFCC, VOLUNTARY AND NATIONAL MARKETS encompasses the following six greenhouses gases: 1. carbon dioxide(CO2), 2. methane (CH4), 3. nitrous oxide(N2O), 4. F-gases(hydrofluorocarbons) 5. F-gases(perfluorocarbons) 6. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Each gas is weighted by its global warming potential and aggregated to give total greenhouse gas emissions in CO2 equivalents. The presentation will show the carbon markets associated with Climate change to support private investment and achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement.

Climate change is no longer a distant possibility but a current reality. Urban climate change resilience (UCCR) embraces climate change adaptation, mitigation actions, and disaster risk reduction while recognizing the complexity of fast-growing urban areas and the uncertainty associated with climate change. Urban resilience to climate change describes a city that is resilient on three levels. First is the urban systems of how a city work and survives shocks and stresses; second is the direct and indirect impacts of climate change and able to manage these stresses in their day-to-day decisions, and third is that the city’s institutional structures continue to respond and support the capacity of people and organizations to fulfill their goals. This particular paper highlights the efforts carried out to address the climate challenges and initiatives to make city resilience refereeing the case illustration of the Indian city of Surat. Surat is among the fastest-growing cities in the world, city has seen unprecedented growth, recording one of the highest growth rates in the country. Its population grew a gasping 68 percent in the decade from 2001 to 2011. Its population has increased from 46.5 lac in 2011 to 74.9 lac in 2021. The city plays a key role in the economic development of the nation with its important contribution to the national GDP and overburden on infrastructure, air pollution, mobility, social cohesion, an undiversified economy, and lack of public health facilities. Climate change has become one of the crucial challenges for policymakers, industry, and civil society, and it is a development, investment, economic, and social issue, which affects most sectors. Concluding observation: There are favorable situations for the city impending. The most optimistic approach is a dynamic economy and decentralized management of resources. There is no single action that will make a city resilient to climate change. Resilience is instead achieved through several actions, building upon each other over time. These actions would be enhanced and progress as people and institutions learn from past experiences and apply them to future decisions. The word ‘resilient’ implies owning inner strength and resolve. For cities like Surat, resilience is enhanced by knowledge of risks and tools and resources available to deal with threats and build on opportunities. A resilient city can sustain itself through its systems by dealing with issues and events that threaten, harm, or try to abolish to make a much stronger, urban climate change resilient Surat.

Introduction :- 2019 - 2021 until now was the warmest decades recorded with global average of temperature reaching 1.5 *C temperature degree above pre – industrial levels in 2019 Human - induced global warming i s presently increasing at a rate of 0.2 *C degree per decade with serious negative impacts on to the natural environment & human health & wellbeing including a much higher risk that dangerous possibly catastrophic changes in the global environment will accour . For this reason international Community accour has recognized the need to keep global warning well blew 2 *C degree temperature & purse efforts to limit it to 1.5 *C temperature degree . Global warming the increase the average of the world temperature as result of what is known as the green houses effect , gases build upon atmosphere the earth gets better . This process is leading to rapid change climate also known as change Climate change & global warming are .often used interchangeable but have distinct meanings , similarly the terms weather & climate are sometime confused , through they are refer to events with broadly different spatial - and timescales. Methods:- Four method used to study climate change ice cores , sea – floor sediment , framings , all show climate change from a far period of time climatologist can collect any one these sample to see if our earth now is changing by global warming. Methodology refers to the over arching strategy & rationale of research research . It involves studying the method used in your field & theorises or principles behind them , in order to develop an approach that matches your objectives. Results:- Impacts :- Rising scale level & move frequent & intense storm will see more erosion of coastline wearing away & inundating community & residential properties , health increasing severe frequent heat , waves may lead to death & illness e1qspecially among people & animals .Also increase drought of lands & wilde fires & burning petroleum oil fuel produce carbon dexcide & nitrous oxide & intense floods are rising oceans , sees & rivers & green lands strong ice have melted & ice water flow into sees & oceans landslides across the countries are destruction . Global warming is causing in huge social & economic negative impacts inrecently & in several states across the countries causing death & destruction & will continue the over coming decades in the world according to mitigation measure of experts warn for the report of researches .

Introduction: the environmental impact in terms of emissions appears to be increasingly important for food, in particular for those of animal origin. The LCA (Life-Cycle Assessment) method, an internationally standardized method used to calculate the environmental impact of goods or services, in the carbon footprint, does not take into account the carbon set and consequently the subtraction of carbon dioxide by the plant biomass whether or not aimed at the production of food of animal origin. This methodology could overestimate the carbon dioxide that is generated to obtain plant products and for animal products that require their use. Methods: for the production of Mozzarella di Bufala Campana PDO, in this specific case, the masses of the various forage and cereal species used were quantified starting from the food rations of the different categories divided by age and production phase (dry, lactation, recovery). The population taken into consideration includes all the animals reared in the areas covered by the PDO specification and with a milk production orientation. The fixed carbon and consequently the carbon dioxide subtracted from the atmosphere was calculated from the food mass, through the various collection indices and percentages of dry matter. For all the other production phases, from transformation to packaging and transport of the finished product, the LCA methodology was used. The carbon dioxide equivalent from the different production phases was balanced with the subtracted carbon dioxide. Results and conclusion: the amount of greenhouse gases converted into equivalent carbon dioxide emitted during the production process is lower than the carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere. For every kg of Mozzarella di Bufala Campana PDO, a total of about 65 kg of CO2eq are subtracted. Therefore, probably, for agricultural and animal products, if this factor were taken into account, the environmental impacts in terms of emissions would be reduced.

Present policies of most Governments, with a few predictable exceptions, concentrate on the desperate need to get to zero carbon emissions as soon as possible. This is a necessary but not sufficient objective. There is strong evidence from the Keeling curve below, about the difficulty.But if we could reduce carbon emissions to zero the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases will be what we have now plus what we will be emitting between now and the zero-emission date minus the amount taken up by the oceans. This means that typhoons, floods, droughts, bushfires, sea-level rise, Arctic ice loss and damage to coral will all be worse, perhaps much worse than now. If you think that present conditions are not acceptable you have to conclude that zero is not low enough. As well as reducing emissions we will HAVE TO remove greenhouse gases, probably with help from phytoplankton, and also do direct cooling a soon as we can and hopefully ramp it down as emissions reduce.

Current global warming causes a change in atmospheric dynamics, with consequent variations in the rainfall regimes (Bates et al., 2008). Understanding the relationship between global climate patterns, global warming, and rainfall regimes is crucial for the creation of future scenarios and for the relative modification of water management (Tramblay et al., 2020). The aim of this work is to improve the knowledge of the relationship between the atmospheric teleconnections and the seasonal rainfall in Tuscany, Italy. The study area is located in a strategic position since it lies in a transition zone between the wet area of northern Europe and the dry area of the northern coast of Africa. The atmospheric teleconnections indagated are North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), East Atlantic (EA), and Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO), which represent the main climatic systems of the Northern Atlantic Ocean and of the Mediterranean (Hurrell, 1995; Martin-Vide & Lopez-Bustins, 2006; Trigo et al., 2002). In Tuscany, the relationship between mesoscale circulation and rainfall regime is variable during the year: in winter, rainfall is strongly correlated to the three indices; in spring, the main influence is represented by WeMO, indicating an important role of the Genoa Gulf Low; in summer, the main driver is EA, which represents better than NAO the influence of the Azores High in this season; in autumn, the strongest correlation is with NAO. The study identifies a possible decrease in rainfall in the warm period of the year. This phenomenon is ascribable to current global warming, which causes an increase in sea-surface temperatures. An increase in the Northern Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and in the Mediterranean Sea Surface Temperature (SST) causes a reduction of the Iceland Low, with an extension of the Azores High (Börgel et al., 2020). Moreover, an increase in the Genoa Gulf SST induces a weakening of the Genoa Gulf Low, one of the main cyclogenetic systems of the Mediterranean.

Global warming, which is the main manifestation of climate change, has been caused by greenhouse effects, and the primary anthropogenically emitted greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) is an effective method of reducing the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. As sites of CO2 geological storage, deep saline aquifers have demonstrated great potential because of their large storage spaces and existence in many locations around the world. Dissolution trapping in saline aquifers is considered one of the most effective and safe methods of CO2 geological storage. Under ambient temperature and pressure conditions in a typical aquifer, CO2 dissolve into the aqueous phase (brine) and create a dense interfacial layer The CO2 -saturated brine in a saline aquifer is 0.1% to 1% denser than natively formed brine, depending on the pressure, temperature, and salinity. Gravitational instability or unstable stratification trigger the convection of fluids, which is commonly referred to as density-driven convection in the literature. As the CO2 dissolves into the underlying brine, the CO2-saturated brine becomes denser than the native brine, and the density difference causes instability and triggers convection. Dense CO2-saturated brine migrates downward, while light native brine rises, and the natural convection of these two fluids generates convective fingers. The downward migration of the CO2-saturated brine significantly enhances the mass transfer of CO2 and reduces the time required for total dissolution. More importantly, relative to the native brine that fills the pore spaces, the negative buoyancy of the CO2-saturated brine may reduce the risk of leakage along geological faults, which is of considerable concern relative to long-term sequestration security. Recently, a method has been proposed to accelerate the dissolution of CO2 and brine and reducing the risk of leakage with co-injection of CO2 with nanoparticles (NPs). Low-level nuclear waste containing NPs was suggested to be an economical method through a fully mixing with CO2 before injection. In this study, we visualized and quantitatively measured the density-driven convection in porous media by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An analogue fluid pair system of 80% glycerite (dense fluid)/MnCl2 (light fluid) was used to simulate the brine with dissolved ScCO2-formation brine system. The impact of NPs fluids added into CO2 on fluid-fluid interfacial instability was analysis. Superhydrophilic SiO2 NPs with different mass fraction (0 wt%, 0.1 wt% and 1 wt%) was added to the dense fluid to investigate the optimum mixing ratio. And several dimensionless parameters were calculated to characterize the convection. The onset time of convection is the time at which the signal intensity shows a significant downward trend and obvious convection fingers can be observed. The power function relationship between the Rayleigh number and onset time can be determined. The earlier onset time reflects the better sequestration safety. The convective finger development process consists of the following stages: finger appearance, finger propagation, new finger generation, and finger coalescence. The largest finger number appears in the finger appearance stage, and there is a linear downward trend of the finger number after this point. Convection occurring in porous media depends not only on whether the mixture has reached the critical Rayleigh number but also on the domain aspect ratio. The interfacial behavior of the fluid during convection mixing process is continuously captured. It shows that, dense fluid with NPs leads to more stable interface behavior. Furthermore, experimental results confirm that reduction in surface tension between NPs and CO2 would enhance fluid miscibility and the mass transfer during convection. The dimensionless mass transfer coefficient, which is characterized by the Sherwood number, can be directly measured via the finger growth velocity. It shows that the Sherwood number follows a power law relationship with the Rayleigh number. Compared with traditional injection method, CO2 contains high concentration of nuclear waste may have higher sweeping area and higher sequestration efficiency. These results challenge our view of carbon sequestration and dissolution efficiency in the subsurface, suggesting that co-injection of ScCO2 and low-level nuclear waste containing NPs perhaps a feasible approach which can enhance sequestration potential.