Immunomodulators are biological or synthetic components that can stimulate suppress or modulate different aspect of both acquired and innate immune response. Immunomodulation of immune response could provide an alternative to conventional chemotherapy for a variety of diseases, like inflammatory diseases, auto-immune disorders and organ/bone marrow transplantation. Modulation of immune functions using Medicinal Plants and their products as a possible therapeutic measure has become accepted scientific approach. Herbal Immunomodulators is substance derived from Medicinal Plants products and has become subject for scientific investigations. Use of plants is an important component of the healthcare system in India in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. A number of Indian Medicinal Plants and ‘Rasayana’ have been claimed to possess immunomodulation activity. Plant Immunomodulators are advantageous as opposing to synthetic, because of their high efficacy, low cost and low toxicity. They have proven to potentiate immune response even when administered orally, making attractive them for development of mucosal vaccines. These Immunomodulators are biological response modifiers; exert their antitumor effects by improving host defense mechanisms against tumor .They have also shown to enhance immune response towards the vaccine by stimulating dendritic cells maturation and reducing the amount of the regulatory T cells. Certain plant-lectins Immunomodulators can interact with mucosal epithelium and can be translocated across the gut, which has been exploited in vaccine formulations to induce mucosal and systemic immunity. The aim of this deliberation is to highlight the scientific investigations done on plant Immunomodulators implied for boosting the vaccine efficacy.

Indonesia has the potential for diphtheria because re-immunization has not yet been implemented in adults Successful implementation of immunization in infants and children has reduced the number of infections drastically but is expected the sustainability of immunization can create herd immunity. There has been no research on how the levels of antibodies against diphtheria toxin in the adult population and the security of the Td vaccine in the adult population in Indonesia. This study aims to assess the immunogenicity and the safety of the tetanus diphtheria (Td) vaccine given as repeated immunization in the adult population.

Globally, human population is increasing due to non-acceptable methods of fertility regulation and numerous abortions which primarily affect the population control.  Efforts have been made to develop different methods for control of human population. Development of birth control vaccine appears to be one of the promising approaches for fertility regulation as some of the infertile individuals with antibodies to some specific fertility antigens have been reported to be healthy. Along with sperm specific proteins other antigens are being evaluated for development of immunocontraceptive vaccine which includes hCG, LH, LDH C4, PH 20, SP10 and EPIN. Synthetic peptide of 80kDA Human Sperm Antigen (80kDa HSA) has also been reported to be promising candidate for development of antifertility vaccine. The immunocontraception started with sperm as the first target. In 1899, Karl Landsteiner and Serge Metchnikoff, demonstrated injection of sperm from heterospecies can produce antibody responses. The difference in immune response and time taken to attain titer among vaccinated individuals post immunization has delineated the importance of antibodies in this category.The presentation will review the current status and progress of immunocontraceptive vaccines, its approach and formulation as a future fertility control agent.

Statement of the Problem: Kisspeptin, encoded by the KISS1 gene with its cognate receptor GPR-54 is recognized as an upstream orchestrator in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.  Despite kisspeptin role as a gatekeeper of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion is well known, the effect of kisspeptin immunization on HPG axis in goat is not yet studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of recombinant orf virus envelope protein (B2L) and kisspeptin-54 DNA vaccine on HPG axis. Methodology: A total of 15 male white Yichang goats were equally and randomly assigned in to one of the following three groups: PBK-asd immunized, PVAX-asd treated (control) and surgically castrated. Bucks assigned in the PBK-asd and control group were intramuscularly immunized with 1mg/dose of PBK-asd DNA vaccine and PVAX-asd plasmid, respectively. Finding: Administration of recombinant B2L and Kisspeptin-54 DNA vaccine is shown to produce significant antibody responses to kisspeptin and decreased serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels as compared to control group (p<0.05). The current recombinant vaccine caused testicular atrophy in vaccine treated animals and prevented spermatogenesis. In contrast, the surgical castrated group showed significantly higher serum FSH and LH levels as compared to control group (p< 0.05). Furthermore, our data showed that PBK-asd immunization altered HPG axis via reducing hypothalamic androgen receptor (AR), G protein-coupled receptor (GPR54), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); pituitary GnRH receptor, follicle stimulating hormone beta (FSHb), luteinizing hormone beta (LHb), and testicular FSH and LH receptors. In contrast, surgical castration significantly increased mRNA expression of all reproductive genes detected in HP axis except AR (p< 0.05). Conclusion & Significance: It is concluded that PBK-asd immunization inhibits fertility via perturbing the genes and receptors expression, and hormones production in the HPG axis. This research provide insight for the use of kisspeptin vaccine in the modulation of fertility.

Understanding the evolutionary dynamics of the viruses within an individual at or near the moment of transmission can provide critical inputs for the design of an effective vaccine that can protect against HIV infection. We employed High-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology to analyze the evolutionary rate in viruses obtained at a single time point from drug naïve recently infected infants and adults in the chronic stage of disease. Gene-wise non-synonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) mutation rates were estimated and compared between the two groups. Significant differences were observed in the evolutionary rates between viruses in the early and late stages of infection. Higher rates of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) were found in the chronic viruses as compared to those in the early stages of HIV infection. Conversely, non-synonymous mutations were found to be higher in recently transmitted viruses, particularly in the env and nef genes. Despite the small sample size, the study identified useful information about viral evolution on transmission-associated bottlenecks. The effect of intra-individual HIV-1 evolution at the population level is highly contemporary, and the massive number of non-synonymous substitutions seen during recent HIV-1 infection, particularly in the env, suggests a pattern of convergent evolution leading to positive selection for survival fitness and disease progression.