The microenvironments of tissues or organs are complex architectures comprised of fibrous proteins including collagen. The spatial organization of collagen fibrils contribute tissue-specific mechanical properties to the fibrillar matrix and mediates cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. In particular, the cornea is organized in a lattice pattern of collagen fibrils which play a significant role in its transparency. Recent studies suggested various engineering methods to control the collagen fibril architectures and replicate the transparent corneal structure using synthetic and natural biomaterials [1-2]. However, the application of fabricated corneal scaffolds was reported to result in insufficient corneal features including low transparency. In this paper, we introduce a transparent bioengineered corneal structure. The structure is fabricated by inducing shear stress to a corneal stroma-derived decellularized extracellular matrix bioink [3] based on 3D cell-printing technique. The printed structure recapitulates the native macrostructure of the cornea with aligned collagen fibrils which results in the construction of a highly matured and transparent cornea stroma analogue. The level of shear stress, controlled by the various size of the printing nozzle, manipulates the arrangement of the fibrillar structure. With proper parameter selection, the printed cornea exhibits high cellular alignment capability, indicating tissuespecific structural organization of collagen fibrils. In addition, this structural regulation enhances critical cellular events in the assembly of collagen over time. Interestingly, the collagen fibrils that remodelled along with the printing path create a lattice pattern similar to the structure of native human cornea after 4 weeks in vivo. Taken together, these results establish the possibilities and versatility of fabricating aligned collagen fibrils; this represents significant advances in corneal tissue engineering. In vivo (a-c) and in vitro (d-f) evaluation results of 3D cell-printed and non-printed corneal implants. Optical images from slit lamp examination, 2D cross-sectional OCT images (a, d), and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopic images of non-specific collagen (b, e) with Distribution analysis of collagen fibrillar orientation (c, f). In 3D cell-printed group, higher  transparency was exhibited compared to non-printed group and corneal stromal pattern by shear-induced collagen alignment was reconstructed similar to that in human cornea.

The buccal cavity is composed of many surfaces, each covered with a plethora of bacterial population, the proverbial bacterial biofilm. A number of such bacteria have been associated in oral ailments such as periodontitis and caries, the most common bacterial infection in humans. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of active ingredient (sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, sorbitol, sodium bicarbonate, sodium lauryl sulfate etc.) of different toothpastes and four extracts (ethanol, acetone, methanol, aqueous extracts) of five local spices (cinnamon, clove, cardamom, cumin seed, coriander seed) against oral bacteria. Four different extracts of five spices and three active ingredients of different toothpastes were tested for activity against Streptococcus Salivarius, Staphylococcus Aureus, Bacillus Cereus, Acinetobacter Variabilis and two other isolated bacteria grown in tryptone soya broth (TSB) media. These bacteria were isolated from dental sample which were collected from a local Hospitals dental unit. After isolation growth of these bacteria were optimized by different biochemical tests. 16s DNA sequencing of the isolated bacteria were done by Sanger Dideoxy Sequencing method. A broth micro dilution assay was performed to decide the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Agar well diffusion assay was performed by inoculating bacterial cultureson TSB agar plates. This investigation showed that all five ingredients of toothpastes demonstrated antimicrobial activity. The extracts of cinnamon, clove showed higher antibacterial activity and gave maximum zones of inhibition against all the test organisms. A comparative analysis was also done between active ingredients of toothpaste and extract of spices. These results suggest that certain spices with proven antimicrobial effects, such as clove and cinnamon can have useful effects in the treatment of dental diseases. In different studies it has been shown that SIRT1 is changed or elevated significantly in acute myeloid leukemia 7, human cancer 6.Hidaetal. Examined overexpression of SIRT1 was frequently detected in all different type of non-melanoma skin cancers including squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma. It has been shown that SIRT1 is significantly elevated in human prostate cancer 6, acute myeloid leukemia 7, and primary colon cancer 8. Hida et al. examined SIRT1 protein levels in several different types of skin cancer by immunohistochemical analysis 9. Overexpression of SIRT1 was frequently detected in all kinds of non-melanoma skin cancers including squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Bowens disease, and actinic keratosis. Based on the elevated levels of SIRT1 in cancers, it was hypothesized that SIRT1 serves as a tumor promoter 10. However it does not rule out a possibility that increased expression of SIRT1 is a consequence, rather than a cause, of tumorigenesis. In contrast, Wang et al. analyzed a public database and found that SIRT1 expression was reduced in many other types of cancers, including glioblastoma, bladder carcinoma, prostate carcinoma and ovarian cancers as compared to the corresponding normal tissues 11. Their further analysis of 44 breast cancer and 263 hepatic carcinoma cases also revealed reduced expression of SIRT1 in these tumors 11. These data suggest that SIRT1 acts as a tumor suppressor rather than a promoter in these tissues.

The present study relates to the development of a new process/methodological approach for the fabrication of a psyllium husk powder based scaffold systems. The cutting-edge enabling technologies of tissue engineering has been employed in the manufacturing of bioscaffolds withy microporous structure and nanofiber formation, tailored mechanical strength and integrity by chemical and enzymatic cross-linking. To the best of our knowledge, this investigation reports for the very first time (i) the cross-linking procedure of psyllium husk powder and gelatin by the use of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC-NHS) coupling reaction [1], [2], (ii) psyllium husk based novel bioink which is enzymatically cross-linked for three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting process [3] and (iii) the formation of a psyllium husk powder based nanofibrous electrospun sheet for tissue engineering applications, as shown in the given image below. Although psyllium is available in various forms such as husk, seed, powder, fiber etc., mucilage/gum extracted from psyllium seed and husk has widely been reported in tissue engineering and pharmaceutical applications. This study proposes the direct use of readily available psyllium husk powder as the biomaterial, without any further modifications. The extraction of psyllium gum from psyllium husk requires some tedious and time consuming processes such as collecting and washing of seed or husk, soaking overnight, drying by heating for several hours, filtration or precipitation followed by further washing in an organic solvent, filtered, centrifuged, collected, solvent evaporated dried under reduced pressure and finally passed through a suitable sieve to store in an airtight container for further use [4]. Therefore, to exclude the need of such trivial and time-consuming processes this invention suggests direct use of psyllium husk powder without any further purification and collection, for the preparation of psyllium husk powder-based degradable bioscaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Tissue engineering known as a multi-disciplinary area of research gathering different life science and engineering disciplines with the goal of fabricating tissue replacements improving the regeneration process of damaged tissues or organs. Developing an ideal scaffold provides efficient site for remodelling process of a tissue and promotes proliferation and differentiation of cells. During past decades many fabrication technologies have been done for designing applicable scaffolds. Various methods of modelling and simulation will permit ideas to be evaluated without any waste of materials. Moreover, special modelling techniques will have a role in personalized medicine. Innovative digital games not only will address many complexities in tissue engineering concepts by providing informatics tools and simulation methods but also provide a variety of decision-making context. Furthermore, combination of different skills like innovation, design, production and collaboration in digital games related to tissue engineering strategies will grow the future of this science in both technique and learning style for an individual. For example there are different biological challenges like controlling the release of growth factors in 3D designed scaffolds, introducing angiogenesis, creating appropriate multiple tissue assembly and forming a complex heterogeneous tissue scaffolds accommodating tissue interactions. Novel digital games in tissue engineering procedures provide a simulated environment with different laboratorical and informatics variables in which a player has to be able to manage and take decisions in an effective way. Therefore, assessing the new simulation game will provide helpful data for professional computer scaffold designers and revolutionize the science of tissue engineering.

Berberine is a naturally occurring plant-derived alkaloid, isolated from Berberis species. Berberine possess multiple pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant, Anti-diabetic, Antihypertensive, Antidepressant, Antidiarrheal, Antimicrobial, Neuroprotective, Hepatoprotective, Antitumor and Anticancer activity. Though these outcomes are very promising, its low water solubility and oral bioavailability restrict its clinical uses. Hence, in the present study we have reported the entrapment of Berberine (BBR) in Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticle (BSA NPs) and its cytocompatibility to Breast Cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). BSA NPs and Berberine loaded BSA nanoparticles (BBR-BSA NPs) were successfully synthesized by desolvation method. The BSA NPs alone and BBR-BSA NPs were extensively characterized for the size, shape, surface charge, morphology, stability, drug content and in vitro drug release. Physiochemical characterization of prepared nanoparticles was done by using DLS, FESEM, FTIR, DSC and TGA. The size of synthesized nanoparticles were found to be within the suitable range for drug delivery, having positive charge analysed by zeta potential. The SEM images of nanoparticles implied that prepared nanoparticles are of spherical shape. The drug entrapment efficiency of prepared nanoparticles was found to be 85 % with a drug loading capacity of 7.78 %. The FTIR spectra confirms the synthesis of Berberine loaded nanoparticles. Time dependent stability study suggests that nanoparticles are quite stable in aqueous solution at pH 7.4. The MTT assay, Trypan blue assay and AO-EtBr staining proved that the prepared NPs are selectively toxic towards breast cancer cell lines and kill the cells more efficiently as compared to Berberine alone. The results of intracellular uptake studies suggest that BBR-BSA NPs could effectively improve the anticancer activity of BBR by delivering it to target site for potential therapeutic use. This work provides a novel therapeutic approach for inducing breast cancer cell death or inhibiting cell growth. All the above information suggests that BBR-BSA NPs may emerge as a novel paradigm for treatment of breast cancer.

Statement of the Problem: The investigated(Sathan Galli) area is remote and community of the area is poor depend on the use of medicinal plants for curing a variety of ailments such as toothache, backache, headache, body pain, abdominal pain, rheumatism, indigestion, wound healer, cough, expectorant and tonic. This was the first ever survey on medicinal plants exploration to check out the local community pressure on their utilization. Methodology: The investigated area was visited frequently during 2014 to 2015 to collect ethnomedicinal flora. Plant specimens were collected, dried, poisoned, preserved and mounted on standard herbarium sheets. Semistructured questionnaire method was used to gather ethnobotanical information from 34 randomly selected villages. Information about the local uses of the plants such as medicinal, timber, fodder and fuel wood etc. were got through random sampling by interviewing 300 individuals. The data was gathered and analysed by using MS Excel, 2013. Conclusion & Significance: A total of 170 plant species belonging to 55 families were identified which are being used by the locals of the study area. The study revealed that the indigenous peoples of the area exploited 86 (51.19%) species as traditional medicinal plants, 136 (80.95%) species for fodder, 48 (28.57%) for fuel wood, 28 (16.66%) for timber woods, 07 (4.16%) for wild vegetable and 02 (1.19%) for ethnoveterinary therapies. Similarly 17 (10.11%) species of wild edible fruits, 2 (1.19%) species for making agricultural tools, 1 (0.59%) species for fencing field borders. It was observed that the local inhabitants used plants resources for not only ethmedico but also for multiple purposes. There is dire need of free medical treatment for the local inhabitants therefore government should provide free medical facility in such a remote area so that the local medicinal flora can be conserved which is being extinct. This first ever ethnobotanical study may become baseline study for future researches.

Abnormal activities of epigenetic modifiers and transcription factors play critical roles in shaping the aberrant gene expression programs of cancer cells. Identification of the target genes and signaling pathways controlled by such factors are an important step in designing targeted therapies against cancers. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a transcriptional regulator with crucial roles in the development and functioning of immune cells, and implicated in malignant transformation (1). We have previously shown a critical role for IRF4 in a variety of B-cell cancer cells, and identified its mechanisms of action (2-4). These and related work point to IRF4 pathways as therapy targets in cancers. Several studies also implicate IRF4 function in non-immune cells, such as in melanocytes (5). For instance, a number of genome-wide genetic studies associated variation at the IRF4 gene with pigmentation phenotypes and skin cancers. However, despite the observed genetic links and generally high expression, the role of IRF4 in skin cancers remains under-studied and poorly understood. Therefore, we set out to identify the functions of IRF4 in skin cancer cells using genome-wide, cell and molecular biological approaches. We have taken a candidate approach to discover the upstream modulators of IRF4 expression in these cells. In parallel, we have performed localization (ChIP-seq) and transcriptomic (RNA-seq) assays in order to identify its genome-wide targets. These analyses, together with analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, point to a role of IRF4 in epigenetic regulation of these cells, in addition to other cancer- and development-related pathways. Furthermore, our preliminary studies implicate IRF4 as a critical factor in skin cancer cell proliferation and survival. Taken together, our work on IRF4 provides mechanistic insight at the cellular and molecular level in cancers, and point to potential new therapy strategies.

The use of stem cell therapeutics has become one of the largest areas of scientific research around the globe. It was first introduced into equine practice in 1995 with the injection of bone marrow derived cells into tendon injuries. The use of stem cell in canine bone marrow transplants date back as early as the 1960’s. Since, it has found great interest in its use in small animals and humans for many different medical conditions, in particular osteoarthritis. It is estimated that 10 to 12 million dogs in the US are affected with osteoarthritis, and it is the most common cause of chronic pain. Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into a specialized cell, and perhaps any type of tissue in the body that is needed. Another term for regenerative medicine is Prolotherapy. Prolotherapy is a regenerative injection treatment used to stimulate the healing mechanism to repair damaged or injured areas in the spine and joints. This term may be inclusive of both stem cell therapy and platelet rich plasma. Both treatment modalities can be used in conjunction to serve as a transport to the intended treatment area. Regenerative medicine therapies should only be implemented or recommended following a thorough examination with a Veterinarian. Diagnostic imaging and further treatment options should be discussed prior to starting prolotherapy as it is known to be contraindicated in the presence of cancer, infection, coagulopathies, NSAID’s and steroids. The patients are monitored closely before, during and after initiating treatment for any adverse effects. By routinely tracking our patients closely with examinations, surveys and all otherwise client communications; we are able to adjust their therapies as needed and determine the patients progress.

Porous scaffolds made of biopolymers are the main topic in tissue engineering for living organism in this recent time. Biopolymers were chosen because their cheap price, widely available in nature, non-toxic, and non-allergic. A novel material was developed from composite of pectin, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with lyophilization technique. The composites that have been made are then determined for their physical properties and ability in healing second-degree burns in the Wistar rat model. Composite optimization results consisting of pectin 0.3% (w/v), CMC 0.12% (w/v) and MCC 0.03% (w/v) indicates the ideal pore size (d = 30-300 μm) for the growth of fibroblasts in the process of wound closure. Addition of MCC to composites can reduce the rate of in vitro degradation of composites in a phosphate buffer system of pH 7.4 and temperature of 37 °C. The addition of MCC to composites is also able to significantly increase the thermal resistance of composites compared to composites without MCC. In vivo studies conducted on Wistar rats showed significantly different results (p<0.05) between the treated group and the negative control group. On the 21st day, the remaining wound size in the treated group were 16.38 ± 10.04% and the remaining wound size negative control group was 43.59 ± 19.10%. The results of this study indicate that the pectin/CMC/MCC composite material has the potential to be used as a second-degree burn wound dressing.