Title: MDR Genes are Created and Transmitted in Plasmids and Chromosomes to Keep Normal Intestinal Microbiota Alive against High Dose Antibiotics- A Hypothesis

Biography:

Abstract

AMR spread is huge with millions of death due to ineffectiveness of antibiotics. This is happened due to creation of hundreds of mdr genes like beta-lactamases (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA and blaNDM1), drug acetyltransferases (aacC1, aacA1, cat) and phosphotransferases (aph4) in MDR conjugative plasmids and chromosome. In other mechanisms, drug efflux proteins like tetA/C, acrAB and mexAB kickout drugs from bacterial cytoplasm increasing drug MIC and thus tetracycline, streptomycin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin became ineffective to destroy pathogenic bacteria. We have investigated here the reason of such widespread creation of mdr genes in bacteria which are resident of intestine synthesizing 20 vitamins and complex biomolecules for our body. We have hypothesized that such 2x1012 diverse species are killed due to high dose of antibiotic intake since 1940s creating acute health hazard in human which is now balanced by probiotic bifidobacteria and vitamin-B complex capsules supplement. The hypothesis suggested that molecular signalling from intestinal luminal cells (TGFβ, IL-10, IL-22) as well as from bacteria (LPS, vitamins, butyrate) orchestrated to preserve symbiosis relation between human and bacteria. Vitamins are converted into provitamins (FADH2, NADH+, THFA, Biotin, B12, TPP etc.) needed for every steps of >30000 enzymatic reactions in human cells. Thus MDR bacteria will be the resident of intestine favouring vitamin biosynthesis and immune-modulation needed for normal human metabolosome. Indeed mdr genes are abundantly created in plasmids and chromosomes with further mutations of target genes (rRNA, ponA, porB, gyrAB, parC) and likely all are to protect gut microbiota to save human from extinct. Thus with time all bacteria will be drug resistant and infections should be controlled by heterogenous phyto-antibiotics, gene medicines, phage therapy and DNA nanocarriers for toxic drug delivery.