Graphene-based materials such as carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene itself have attracted much attention due to their emerging applications. Graphene-based materials can be synthesized by several plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) techniques on heated substrates. For example, plane graphene can be formed by low-pressure PECVD on Cu and Ni in the remote plasma configuration. However, excess flux of carbon precursors causes supersaturation and ion bombardment induces the defects. Previously a microwave-excited non-epuilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma source with high electron density of ~1015 cm-3 and low electron temperature of ~1 eV was applied to the synthesis of CNTs. This type of plasma has a great potential for realizing the new material processing because the larger amount of radicals is estimated by a few orders of magnitude compared with the conventional low-pressure and high-density plasmas. Furthermore, the effect of ion bombardment on the growing surface can be removed due to the high-pressure operation. Here, microwave-excited atmospheric pressure plasma employing He/H2/CH4 mixture was applied to the synthesis of graphene-based materials. A schematic of atmospheric pressure PECVD system is shown in Fig. 1. The microwave (2.45 GHz) propagates from the top of the deposition chamber to the micro-slit electrode. The micro-slit electrode width is 0.2 mm. Formation of plane graphene was carried out on Cu substrate for 10-300 sec at microwave power of 100 W, total pressure of 1 atm and substrate temperature of about 700 ËšC. In spite of the localized plasma shape, graphene was formed uniformly on the whole substrate. Moreover, the number of graphene layers did not increase even in the increase of formation period. Results indicated that the self-limiting growth of few-layer graphene could be attained on the Cu substrate by the supply of long-lived hydrocarbon radicals without ion bombardment using atmospheric pressure plasma.

Texture and grain size was of crucial importance to fatigue crack propagation in aluminum alloys due to boundary character between neighboring grains and crack-closure effect. The current understanding of the relationship among texture, grain size, slipping and crack propagation at fatigue stage I to III was reviewed and discussed. This includes understanding slip band formation, twist boundary character and corresponding fatigue mechanism. The recommendations for improving fatigue property were also proposed. Intensifying Goss, P and Q texture and moderating these grains was an effective method to improve the resistance of fatigue crack propagation in Paris regime. However, in fatigue stage I, due to predominated effect of crack-closure effect, large grain is beneficial for improving the threshold value of crack propagation.

In this review, it was showed how by developing a facile one-pot co-precipitation process, the granule activated carbon (gAC)/Kraft lignin (KL) biocomposite (gAC/KLx) was constructed from recycling industrial wastes of both palm-date pits and pulping black liquor  as a new eco-friendly sorbent.   The ATR-FTIR, XRD, SEM, BET, TGA, DLS and Zeta potential analyses were used to characterize the gAC/KL biocomposite prepared to be used as an effective sorbent of environmentally toxic (BTX) compounds (benzene, toluene and xylene) from petroleum wastewater effluents. Also, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the sorption behavior of BTX over gAC/KLxbiocomposites with different ratios of Kraft lignin (x = 33, 50 and 67%) in batch experiments were evaluated. It was noticed that, the gAC/KL showed the highest sorption capacity of BTX at lignin blended ratio of 50%, even from broad ranges of water salinity (up to 100,000 mg/L) and pH values (pH 4 - 9).The sorption behaviorof BTX compounds were found to fit better to a type twopseudo-second kinetic (adsorption kinetic rate of BTX at 0.104 g.mg-1.min-1) and Langmuir isotherm models, as confirmed by the higher coefficient of R2> 0.98. The sorption affinities of the gAC/KL0.5 biocomposite with respect to 250 mg/L BTX can be ordered in the sequence Xylene > Toluene ≥ benzene with highestmonolayer capacities reached to 170.5, 160.5 and 159.7 mg/g, respectively after 6 h. The adsorption mechanism was found to follows the diffusion and hydrophobic sorption mechanisms. Particularly, the possibilities of BTX elution for gAC/KL0.5 reuse was evaluated up to five cycles without high significant loss in sorption efficiencies during multiple wastewater treatment.As such, on the basis of batch BTX sorption studies, the gAC/KL0.5 is expected to be a promising low cost and high performance new sorbentto be reutilize for real wastewater treatment process and petroleum hazardousdecontamination with higher thermal stability (up to 350 oC) and aqueous stability (10% - 21% efficiency loss).

Terbium doped magnesium spinel ferrites (Mg1-xTbxFe2O4) and PVA/Mg1-xTbxFe2O4 composites having composition x=0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18 were synthesized using micro-emulsion method and in-situ polymerization technique respectively. The structural properties were demonstrated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD analysis confirmed the fabrication of small concentration of Terbium into the spinel lattice whereas FTIR exposed the developed interactions between ferrite nanoparticles with polyvinyl alcohol matrix. The peaks obtained in both the above characterization techniques quite matched with those as reported in the literature and confirmed the formation of resulting nanocomposites. The dielectric and resistivity analyses were performed by determining dielectric parameters and current-voltage measurements. The values of dielectric constant, dielectric loss and tan δ were inversely proportional to the frequency under applied electric field at room temperature but become constant at higher frequency values. The lower values of dielectric constant of terbium incorporated magnesium ferrite polymer composites (MgFe2O4/PVA) are because of hindrance in electron exchange mechanism created by lockup among iron and terbium ions. The resistivity values of all the composites were found from 2.5x109 Ωcm to 18.8x109 Ωcm which showed a non- linear behavior.

Tuberculosis (TB) is highly endemic disease world-wide. One of the commonly used first line drugs for anti-TB therapy (ATT) is isoniazid (INH). Isoniazid is known to be majorly metabolized and detoxified in liver by both phases I and phase II group of drug metabolizing enzymes. The drug and along with its metabolite are toxic and during its assimilation process cause injury to liver. The work presented here involves investigation of co-crystals involving isoniazid and oleanolic acid. A 1:1 co-crystal involving isoniazid, a foremost first-line drugs recommended by the World Health Organisation for the treatment of tuberculosis, which causes damage to the liver and Oleanolic acid, a hepatotoxicity naturally occurring compound, have been synthesized for the first time. Considering drug combination perspective, this is an interesting pharmaceutical co-crystal because of the known side effect of isoniazid therapy which might be improved upon by the presence of the oleanolic acid. The co-crystal compound was characterized using PXRD, TGA and SEM which were further evaluated for in vitro anti-TB and cytotoxicity index, using Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK 293) and Human Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. The PXRD of the synthesized co-crystal compound maintained crystalline nature like isoniazid for the three methods, TGA for all the three methods have cleavage values from 2200 C- 360O C, and the SEM images obtained from the three synthetic methods appears rod-like in nature. The co-crystal of OA with INH, increased the anti-TB MIC values for the three synthetic methods used as follows(a) Solvent evaporation(1.06µM) ;(b) Solvent drop (0.50µM) ;(c) Direct grinding (0.61 µM). The cytotoxicity tests of the co-crystal system on the two-human cell lines (HEK 293 and HepG2) were found to be IC50 ≥ 300ug/ml. The finding of the current work is that, co-crystal compound of OA with INH is probable and could be utilized to design better treatment for tuberculosis disease, which can further be extended to the treatment of HIV/TB co-infection.

Studies have shown that nanomaterials remain one of the most promising materials for modern and advance in the development of science and technology. In medicine particularly, cure and management of chronic diseases have been discovered through application of nanochemistry. Development of synthesis protocols for realising nanomaterials over a range of sizes, shapes, and chemical compositions and biological activity is therefore an important application of nanochemistry in medicine. The remarkable biological activity dependent physico-chemical properties of co-crystal system have fascinated and inspired research activity in this direction.   In this presentation therefore, attention will be focused on the background introduction, the synthesis methods to prepare a co-crystal system from two solid organic compounds for better management and treatment of infectious diseases particularly tuberculosis, and its various characterization techniques will be discussed.

Ethiopia has been striving in devising various strategies that assist it in gearing towards achieving this goal. Among the strategies that exist is delivering quality, equitable accessible and relevant education to its citizens. This was taken as a panacea to the problems. Far areas of the country were suffered a lot due to lack of qualified and competent teachers, laboratory equipment and reference materials. It’s had been a very challenging task to address more that 75% of student  in different education issues Due to these. The government has made a reform in the education sector. the need for these reform was targeted in tacking  problem related to the shortage  of qualified and experienced teachers at all level , lack of instructional aids , laboratories and  the required chemicals  and apparatuses, lack of ICT centers  and poor curricular orientation have been hampering the access, relevance, equality and quality  of education in Ethiopia for decades. As part of education reform the government has started to implement education satellite program by deploying and installing different ICT accessories to receive and send signals from central station to each school at every corner of the country through VSAT communication. As the ICT domination in our day to day life is increasing. the Ethiopia government convinced to utilize its  opportunity for improving quality of education by introducing  Plasma Television learning Media  in high schools which are located in different and very far a part of country .in order to increase the quality of education throughout the country .the government has implemented education satellite television  broadcast program and proved through the impact assessment made by different stakeholder that  there is an  interesting  and promising improvement  in the quality of education throughout the country. Now a day our company collaborate with government developing ICT sector in education and social life. Today more than 36000 PLASMA TV are installed throughout the country in secondary schools. ICT has now playing a vital role in education sector of in Ethiopia.

Originally physics was a science of observing all phenomena, including those whose existence was not proved experimentally. However, since the introduction of the laws of Newton, based upon observations of massive objects, like bullets, physics became a purely deteministic science. If phenomena could not be measured, they were ignored. When a century ago experimental results became increasingly counter-intuitive, scientists accepted that physics was going beyond human imagination. Later we continued to consider elementary particles as massive objects like tiny bullets, glued together by a rather mysterious medium called force. Since the discovery of nanomaterials it is incomprehensible that they behave in a different way than matter in massive objects. To be able to understand the behavior of new materials, the Newtonian way of thinking is expanded with an indeterministic way of thinking, based upon insights from quantum mechanics. The notion of indeterminism started with the uncertainty principle of Heisenberg. He was convinced that physics can be described entirely in a complementary way. However, not until forty years later a definition of complementarity was introduced by Jammer. Applied to everyday life, it opens a new window to the world. Having enhanced our comprehension with this new view, we constructed a complementary foundation for physics, called twin physics. The elementary item is the Heisenberg-unit, being a unit of potential energy. Only by interaction with another H-unit it can partly or fully be transformed into actual energy. Space is considered as a finite physical item being as important as mass. Twin physics is connected with classical physics by the laws of Maxwell, emerging from it. Four types of electrons are described, two of them being related to electricity in new materials. Also finite magnetic fields around them are described, restricted to a space of about molecular size.

The preparation and characterization of a new type of nano composite polyelectrolyte membrane (PEM), based on DuPont TM Nafion ® / imidazole modified nanosilica (Im-Si), for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications is described. Related to the interactions between the protonated imidazole groups, grafted on the surface of nanosilica, and negatively charged sulfonic acid groups of Nafion, new electrostatic interactions can be formed in the interface of Nafion and Im- Si which result in both lower methanol permeability and also higher proton conductivity. Physical characteristics of these manufactured nanocomposite membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water uptake, methanol permeability and ion exchange capacity, as well as proton conductivity. The Nafion/Im-Si membranes showed higher proton conductivity, lower methanol permeability and, as a consequence, higher selectivity parameter in comparison to the neat Nafion or Nafion/silica membranes. The obtained results indicated that the Nafion/Im-Si membranes could be utilized as promising polyelectrolyte membranes for direct methanol fuel cell applications.