Autologous biologics, defined as platelet-rich plasma and bone marrow aspirate stem cell concentrate are cell-based therapy treatment options in regenerative medicine practices, and have been increasingly used in orthopedics, sports medicine, and spinal disorders. These biological products are produced at point-of-care; thereby, avoiding expensive and cumbersome culturing and expansion techniques. Numerous commercial PRP and BMSC systems are available but reports and knowledge of bio-cellular formulations produced by these systems are limited. This limited information hinders evaluating clinical and research outcomes and thus making conclusions about their biological effectiveness. Some of their important cellular and protein properties have not been characterized, which is critical for understanding the mechanisms of actions involved in tissue regenerative processes. The presence and role of red blood cells  in any biologic has not been addressed extensively. Furthermore, some of the pathophysiological effects and phenomena related to RBCs have not been studied. A lack of a complete understanding of all of the biological components and their functional consequences hampers the development of clinical standards for any biological preparation.This lecture aims to review the clinical implications and pathophysiological effects of RBCs in PRP and BMSC; emphasizes hemolysis, eryptosis, and the release of macrophage inhibitory factor; and explains several effects on the microenvironment, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, vasoconstriction, and impaired cell metabolism.

Baculovirus which is an enveloped insect virus with a circular double-stranded DNA genome, possesses unique characteristics to induce strong innate immune responses in various mammalian cells and in mice. Aim: Here we show that the innate immune responses induced by BV not only eliminate Plasmodium liver-stage parasites but also elicit sterile protection against Plasmodium sporozoite infection through type I IFN signaling pathway. Methodology: Mice had infected with liver-stage parasites before 24h completely prevented blood-stage parasites following a single dose of BV intramuscular (i.m.) administration, which was much superior to primaquine, the only drug approved to eradicate liver-stage parasites. Findings: This BVmediated liver-stage parasite elimination was also observed in TLR-9-/- and iNOS-/- mice. In addition to the therapeutic effect, BV i.m. administration sterilely protects mice for at least 7 days from subsequence sporozoite infection, indicating the prophylactic effect. In vivo passive transfer with sera from mice i.m. administered with BV effectively eliminated liver-stage parasites and this effect was canceled by neutralization of IFN-a but not IFN-g in the sera, indicating a killing mechanism downstream of type I IFN signaling pathway. In fact, 6h after BV i.m. administration, both type I and II IFNs were robustly produced in sera and RNA transcripts of interferon-stimulated genes were drastically upregulated in the liver. Conclusion & Significance: Our results provide a great potential of BV for development of BV-based vaccine and anti-hypnozoite drug as a new stand-alone therapeutic and prophylactic immunostimulatory agent, which is applicable not only for malaria but also for other serious infectious diseases such as viral hepatitis.

WHeat ranked 2nd in terms of global production and opted as primary staple food by many countries across the world. With the advent of technology and improved varieties the balance between wheat grain supply and demand was maintained in past few decades. However, rapidly increasing population and changing food habits are widening the gap between supply and demand. There is an urgent need of considerable increase in wheat production to fulfil the global food requirement. Many biotic and abiotic stresses diminishing the plant growth and grain yield. Among all biotic stresses, fungal diseases are most dangerous and widely spread throughout the planet. Fungal disease eradication and management with the help of both traditional and modern approaches can significantly increase the grain yield, as each year there is about 15-20% yield loss majorly due to rusts, blotches, smuts, blights and scabs. For the development of fungal disease resistant, varieties traditional breeding methods seems not as promising as they are labours and time consuming. However, increasing genomic information regarding wheat provided the platform for various genome editing and reverse genetic approaches. In this review, we described the impact of different fugal diseases and also discussed their management strategies.