Today, with increasing in production and diversity expansion of dairy products in factories and production of whey products, this food product has become very important. Whey is a water-soluble part of milk that is obtained by adding acid, heating, and coagulating the cheese. This yellow liquid contains a lot of lactose and mineral compounds such as calcium and phosphorus, which is important to achieve in order to use as a food source and prevent environmental pollution. Since the wastewaters of the dairy industry have the highest levels of contamination, if the untreated wastewaters of this industry are discharged, serious environmental problems will be inevitable. On the other hand, a reduction in existing reserves and environmental problems followed by increasing use of fossil fuels has prompted researchers to produce new sources of renewable energy, and it can be said that new biological technologies, such as the use of whey as a way to produce biofuels, reduces the environmental problems of dischrging this kind of wastewaters into nature. Today, using biological technology, these compounds can be used to produce biofuels such as hydrogen, methane, and ethanol. So far, various methods and tests have been performed to produce these fuel sources and in this study, the effective strategies for recycling whey and preventing environmental damages are investigated. 

S. enterica is currently the most common foodborne bacterial pathogen causing severe illness. Of the more than 2,500 identified S. enterica, only a few serovars are of public health importance. In the available literature, there is evidence that S. enterica Typhimurium and S. enterica Enteritidis are the most common causes of human salmonellosis, including Kazakhstan.

The aim of the study is genotyping of Salmonella bacterial isolates isolated from clinical material and food in 2018-2019 in Almaty.

Using RAPD PCR, a study of 25 S. enterica isolates isolated from foodstuffs and 65 S. enterica isolates isolated from clinical material, previously identified using biochemical tests, was carried out. Of 25 S. enterica isolates isolated from foods, 14 (56%) isolates were identified as S. enterica Typhimurium, 8 (32%) - S. enterica Enteritidis, 3 (12%) - S. enterica Virchow. In the study of 65 S. enterica isolates from clinical samples, 29 (44.6%) isolates have been identified as S. enterica Typhimurium, 13 (20%) - S. enterica Enteritidis, 23 (35.4%) - Salmonella enterica Virchow.

For three types of bacteria, S. enterica, a specific set of DNA fragments was identified that distinguish them from each other in RAPD PCR. Using RAPD PCR, two genetically different groups with different sets of DNA fragments of S. enterica Typhimurium isolates and three genetically heterogeneous isolates of S. enterica Virchow were found. With the accumulation of a sufficient number of mutations in genes, genotyping methods begin to distinguish isolates. In some cases, the isolates do not differ in the distribution of DNA fragments, which indicates the genetic similarity of these isolates. A genetic relationship was found in S. enterica Enteritidis isolates.

Women’s nutritional status during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not only critical for her health and sustainability of future generations. The studies showed that Ethiopia is one of the countries with highest level of lactating mother’s malnourishment in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of fermentation time and mixture ratio on improving the nutritional quality of Shameta in order to enhance nutritional status of lactating mothers. Completely randomized design (CRD) with a 3×4 factorial experiment with three replication was implemented. Results showed that the mixture ratio affect the pH, titratable acidity, proximate compositions, minerals content, anti-nutritional factors and antioxidant activity of porridge (unfermented Shameta). Except fiber contents, all proximate compositions, minerals content and antioxidant activity increased through fermentation time, however phytate and tannin decreased by 70.83 and 77.17%, respectively. Present finding revealed that the highest crude protein was observed in Maize-Barley-Faba bean with ratio of 90:10:15 fermented for 12 days (16.56 g/100g), while the highest crude fat (13.23 g/100g) were found in Maize-Barley-Faba bean with ratio of 90:5:5 fermented for the same days.

Diets influence the composition of gut microbial-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). A high linear chain SCFAs contents in the Mediterranean and vegetarian diets have demonstrated health benefits. However, branched-chain SCFAs produced in the high fat diet are detrimental to colon health. The information on dietary fats on SCFAs in healthy adults following a regular Malaysian diet is lacking.  We investigated the changes of SCFAs in adults (n=32) fed on three different dietary fats (A, B, and C) for 16 weeks. Diet A contained high saturated fats (SFA) but low in unsaturated fat (UFA), while Diet B has similar contents of SFA and UFA, and Diet C has low SFA but high UFA. SCFAs were extracted using mechanical and chemical reactions and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). After 16 weeks, three predominating linear chains SCFAs: acetate acid (35%), butanoic (23%), propionic acids (15%), and a lower concentration of branched-chain SCFAs are detected. Diets B and C increase butyric acid, which is particularly important for maintaining colonic cell integrity. Only diet B decreases the percentage of branched-chain SCFAs. These preliminary results may shed some light on types of dietary oil intake and potential SCFAs’ health effects in healthy Malaysians.

The aim of the study is to find out the prevalence of anaemia during pregnancy among the different income groups and to identify its impact on the new born .

In the present study 225 anaemic pregnant woman in the 3rd trimester who were divided into three strata based on their income groups were selected and the data was collected using anonymous questionnaire .

The method of sampling that was chosen for the study was stratified random sampling .

The result of the research proved that anaemia during pregnancy was found to be prevalent among all the income groups ,but the degree of prevalence was seen to differ. The low income respondents were the main victims of severe anaemia . Early marriages ,repeated pregnancies, early conception ,poor attention paid to individual health and improper nutrition were the underlining factors . Low birth weight ,prematurity rates and still births were found to be alarmingly high among the low income group . Thus the study proved that economic status has an influence on the prevalence of anaemia . Food fortification, prophylactic iron and folic acid supplements must be provided during the prenatal periods and diet counselling will help in reducing the prevalence of anaemia