Clinical trials are a must before any pharmaceutical product is allowed to be used for treatment. During this pandemic, even those who had no idea earlier about what clinical trials are and how they are done, have become knowledgeable about them. It is a fact that a drug molecule is subjected to stringent and rigorous Pre-clinical trials before it reaches to clinical trial stage. It means that before taking clinical trials, it is established that the drug will be by and lage safe if used on humans for treatment of their ailments. In spite of all the confidence about safety of a drug under development, clinical trials carry a lot of uncertainties about their impact on health. There are several dimensions of clinical trials that must be understood by all. While the patients are waiting for the drugs without any delays, the regulators would ensure that there are no adverse impact on health before the drug is approved. Those who take part in clinical trials see this as an opportunity to derive benefits. Those who conduct clinical trials see this as a scope for business and for them it a market. Manufacturers of drugs see this as a chance to produce new drugs for their business growth. In all of these, the ultimate goal of clinical trials is serving the mankind by providing safe and potent drugs. It has been seen in the case of COVID Vaccine development.

Cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) is caused by a reproducible immune-mediated response to milk proteins and tends to present during the first few months of life. This response can vary significantly from an immediate reaction within 2 hours of ingestion to a more delayed reaction, which can occur anywhere between 2 and 72 hours later. A delay in diagnosis can cause significant child and parental distress, while overdiagnosis can lead to an unnecessary elimination diet. CMPA can be confused with lactose intolerance which is a non-immune mediated response as a result of lactase enzyme deficiency. We review the diagnosis and management of CMPA in this article along with future directions.

Medication reconciliation is the process for creating and initiation the most complete and the accurate list possible of a patient’s with current medications and comparing the list to those in the patient medical record or medication orders that According to the Joint Commission5 (p. 1), Medication reconciliation is the process of the comparing a patient's medication orders to all of the medications that the patient has been taking medicine. This reconciliation is done to avoid medication errors such as dose or medication omissions, therapeutic duplications , inappropriate dosing, or drug - drug interactions. It should be done at every transition of care in which new medications are ordered by prescriber or existing orders are re ordered , Transitions in care include changes in the care setting, the service provided , practitioner, or level of care.

This process comprises five steps:
(1) a list of current medications shall be developed; that include the Medication Prior to admission
(2) a list of medications that to be prescribed
(3) compare the medications on the two mentioned lists in step 1 and 2
(4) make clinical decisions based on the comparison; and clinical needed for patient
(5) communicate the new list to appropriate caregivers and to the patient.

The steps in medication reconciliation are the following for a newly hospitalized patient, the steps include obtaining and verifying the patient’s medication history prior to admission, documenting the patient’s medication history, writing the medication orders for the hospital medication regimen that clinically needed to patient, and creating a medication administration record. At discharge, the steps include determining the post discharge medication regimen, developing discharge instructions for the patient for home medications, educating and counseling the patient, and transmitting the medication list to the follow-up physician. For patients in ambulatory settings and outpatient, the main steps include documenting a complete list of the current medications and then updating the list whenever medications are added or changed and the list shall be given to patient.