Title: Prevalence study of Leprosy in Khartoum State from 2019 to 2020

Biography:

Saddam  Alfaki Hmed Adouk,studied in INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AFRICADeanship of Post Graduate StudiesFaculty of Pure and Applied Sciences,Department of Microbiology,sudan

Abstract

Chapter one

1.1 Introduction  :-

         Leprosy, also called Hansens disease, results from infection with Mycobacterium leprae (M.leprae) or Mycobacterium lepromatosis (M.  lepromatosis)  morbidity is low because a large  portion of the population is naturally resistant to this  It ranges from a localized to a systemic infection. .(peter ,2018) .  Mycobacterium leprae is one of the important pathogens of the genus Mycobacterium, since it is responsible for causing leprosy in humans. Leprosy is caused by a chronic granulomatous infection of the skin and peripheral nerves by bacteria .  (Ujjini ,et,.al 2006) .occurs in a wide spectrum of clinical forms depending on the host cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to the pathogen from the tuberculoid pole, through to borderline cases ending at the lepromatous pole .  High CMI response is associated with a low number of bacilli (paucibacillary leprosy) and, inversely, low CMI response is connected with the presence of a high number of bacilli (multibacillary leprosy). If untreated, the chronic infection results in a progressive and permanent .(Anna Beltrame,2020) .Transmission pathways of M. leprae are not fully understood. Solid evidence exists of an increased risk for individuals living in close contact with leprosy patients, most likely through infectious aerosols, created by coughing and sneezing, but possibly also through skin to skin  contact.(Thomas et.al,.2001 ) .Has been classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD) by the World Health Organization (WHO) .(Tan,.et,al.2019) .  The chronic infection results in a progressive and permanent damage of the skin, peripheral nerves, and eyes, leading to physical deformities and disabilities .Hansen (1874) was the first to report rod-shaped bodies resembling bacteria in cells from leprosy patients using a light microscope. Before that, leprosy was thought to be of environmental or hereditary nature. After the discovery by Hansen, attempts were made to grow the pathogen on an array of artificial media and in numerous animals with the purpose of studying its characteristics, and potential treatments.( Anna Beltrame ,et,.al .2002) .  Various classifications of leprosy based on clinical and bacterial observations have been used. The commonly used Madrid classification is based on clinical observations. It divides cases into 4 types:- indeterminate (I), tuberculoid (T), mid-borderline (B), and lepromatous (L).  Each of the four classes includes subclasses according to the clinical presentations. In 1966 for the purpose of research, Ridley and Jopling proposed a 5-group classification system based on the host immune response and the histological and clinical manifestations. This classification has now been adopted all over the world.