During the second half of 2000, the market of liquid biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) increased rapidly due to policy drives (Figure 1). The production of ethanol increased by 2.6 times during that period, whereas the production of biodiesel increased by 4.5 times. This rapid increase, however, paused in the next two years due to the controversy created by a suspicion that biofuels might have fueled the 2007-08 global food crisis. The growth of biofuels started again in 2013 but at a slower rate. It is still growing, it grew by 7% in 2018. The revival biofuels growth occurred despite the several adverse factors such as fuel vs. food controversy, indirect land-use change debate, drops in oil prices.
Government policies are the major drivers for the continuous growth of biofuels. Policy instruments include blending mandates, tax exemption or rebate, direct investment grants. More than 56 countries around the world have introduced explicit blending mandates for biofuels (existing or planned). Some countries (e.g. Costa Rica, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Paraguay and Zimbabwe) have mandates to blend biofuels more than 20% by volume.
Despite many obstacles and food vs. fuel controversy, the production of biofuels has increased over time. The aviation sector is also looking for using biofuels. Although the recent production growth (after 2010) is not as high as that of the early 2000s, the growth is expected to be maintained in the future due to continued use in the existing mode of transportation (i.e., road transportation) and emerging applications in the aviation sector.
This presentation will present the evolution of global biofuels and bioenergy (biomass for heat and electricity production) markets. It will discuss the drivers of the global growth of biofuels and bioenergy production and key challenge faced by the markets around the world. It will then highlight policy instruments and market conditions for further expansion of biofuels and bioenergy.

Well cement has been commonly used in wellbore environment, such as wells for oil and gas extraction and CO2 storage formation. For the safety of long-term operation of the wells, leakages in wellbore cement must be sealed. Nanoparticles in various slurries can be used to seal cracks in well cement. This study investigated the feasibility for developing an electrochemical method to inject nanoparticles into well cement not only to repair wellbore leakages and initial defects but also to extract the harmful ions (e.g. chlorides) simultaneously. Various experimental parameters were studied including different surface charges, types and sizes of nanoparticles and the intensity of injecting power supply. The new technology was developed and tested under the lab condition as well as a simulated wellbore condition. Some details for the technology to be used underground from inside of steel casing are under development so that it can be used for repairing the leakage of well cement for the oil and gas industry as well as for CO2 storage formations. Finite element models are being developed to simulate the nanoparticle injection and ionic transport processes of the technology..