Title: STRATEGY FOR OBTAINING ANTI-CANCER LIPOSOMES

Biography:

Alizamin Sadigov is a professor doctor with more than 30 tears of work experience in nursing, education, and research have graduated from Atlantic international university(AIU) in a doctorate and have received Ph.D. and MHSs degrees.Have graduated from Saint Petersburg medical university and have received a Medical Doctor degree. He also have two honored degrees: FCCP(Fellow at American College of chest physicians)and ATSF(Fellow at American Thoracic Society). He is the head of the pulmonary medicine department at the hospital clinic of a medical university.

Abstract

In this topic we will discuss the  use of new antibiotics and new suggestions from these in term on patient’s outcomes in hospital-acquired pneumonia(HAP).
HAP is simply a pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or greater after hospital admission and the symptoms of pneumonia are not present at the time of admission or within those first 48 hours of hospital admission. The next most common category is ventilator-associated pneumonia or VAP and this is a pneumonia arises 48 hours after implementation of mechanical ventilation. There is  also a category of ventilated HAP or VHAP,which  is a pneumonia that occurs 48 hours  after admission.Again,the patient does not have symptoms of pneumonia within those first 48 hours and is not associated with mechanical ventilation.However,this type of pneumonia is fulminant and after patients develop symptoms ,they often require emergent intubation and mechanical ventilation.
Hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia (HABP) is one of most common nosocomial infections in critically ill patients and is a major cause of mortality. Up to about 25%of all ICU infections and more than half of antibiotics prescribed in critical care units, are associated with pneumonia. Mortality rates are actually quite high as well, ranging  from about  20% to 50%.Often the most fulminant serious type of pneumonia in the ICU is this ventilated HABP, followed by ventilator –associated bacterial pneumonia, and finally our lowest mortality rates in non-ventilated hospital HABP.
A major risk factor for pneumonia in the ICU is mechanical ventilation; about 10% in patients who are intubated may develop ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. Ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia is associated with significant bad outcomes in not only increased mortality ,but also increased duration of ICU stay and overall hospital stay .Late onset pneumonia, particularly in the ICU, is associated with an increased risk for multidrug –resistant organisms. The top pathogens implicated in hospital-acquired pneumonia are represented generally by Staphylococcus aureus ,especially MRSA,but also by gram-negatives:Pseudomonas ,Acinotebacter,Eschericia coli,and Klebsiella ,particularly ESBL-producing and extensively drug-resistent Enterobacteriaceae.The incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by multi-drug-resistant pathogens id increasing worldwide. So, we are in front of problem-related to ESBL Enterobacterales and very important problems sustained by carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas,Acinotebacte,Enerobacterales  as causative agents of HABP and VABP.
Cefiderocol is a novel siderophore cephalosporin, which means that it crosses the bacterial membrane using active ion transport channels, almost like a Trojan horse. It is very stable against all Ambler classes of beta-lactamases. including Metallo-beta-lactamases. And most importantly, it has very broad Gram-negative activity to Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, CRE, even to Streptrophomonas. The CREDIBLE-CR study has been shown non-inferiority of cefiderocol compared to BAT(best available therapy) for nosocomial pneumonia. There was higher mortality, with cefiderocol primarily found in a subset of patients infected by Acinotebacter species, particularly during the early and the late period of study.
Another new antibiotic is imipenem –relebactam which has been compared to piperacillin-tazobactam and has shown a similar effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The REPROVE study demonstrated the effect of ceftazidime-tazobactam to endpoints of patients with VABP compared to meropenem and the ceftadizime at the end was non-inferior to meropenem across all the ednpoints.
Another trial is the ASPECT nosocomial one, nosocomial pneumonia, in which ceftolozane –tazobactam has been compared with meropenem and there were no differences in all-cause mortality at day 28  in patients with ventilated HAP.
Another question is related to the use of clinical scores and biomarkers in order to decrease the duration of the treatment, because for the majority of the infections and particularly for pneumonia,8, maximum  10 days is probably enough for managing these difficult-to-treat infections.