Hassan Bibi has attended Lebanese American University majoring in Chemistry. He joined Janssen Pharmaceutical companies of JNJ, steadily promoted, and became Regulatory Affairs Director of established products for EMEA. As well, Hassan received master’s degree in Leadership and sustainability from University of Cumbria – UK and multiple awards and leadership recognition in terms of business intuition achieving a high level of leadership and professionalism through his 22 years spent at JNJ. He joined Merck, establishing the Governmental Affairs and Market Access department; successful. He was indeed handling multiple positions, leading him to receive a reward as the most inspired employee in 2017. His expertise enabled him to be an active member in the pharma world, played a major role to establish and lead multiple pharma regulatory groups in the Middle East region. It entitled him throughout his career to hold a very effective approach with diverse Ministry of health. He served as an organizing committee member and speaker coach for DIA Middle East, BPG, Health Insight, Middle East pharmaceutical working group and Counterfeit Africa Association.
Innovation medicines will require innovative strategy to ensure patient’s access to medicines. There is a need to start shuffling the status quo of what’s needed to make things more legible and accessible to public health. The name of the game is how we can leverage on the current situation to move forward with the approval of these highly expensive medicines and treatments to our patients. We have reached a demanding level of administrative, academic opportunities of diseases and treatments that require a new approach and innovation solutions to ensure the availability of treatments and medicines to communities at affordable prices. Taking into consideration the budget constraints at all levels of stakeholders. Thus, It is a chain of responsibility that starts from the very early phase of product innovation until it reaches the market. How to engage different stakeholders to meet, to discuss the new reality, to leverage on the current services, to partner together in shaping the policies and upgrade the existing systems, to engage NGO’s and patient’s advocacy groups, to be ready and aligned with the upcoming new class of medicines and treatments including vaccines in the coming years. How can we make this happen in the current financial and economic crisis that has hit most of the markets? How can we engage payers, physicians and different stakeholders to work hand in hand to ensure treatment’s availability? How can we leverage on the social responsibilities projects provided by most reputable international pharmaceutical firms? How can we do things differently? Where are we with the digitalization? How can we INNOVATE new ideas? It is our time to lead these changes to make it a better healthy world for next generation. It is time to innovate new approaches
Kuntal has 17 years of techno-commercial background with the entire value chain –right from product identification to launch. Kuntal has experience in both buying & selling products, Distribution agreements. He has been fortunate enough in having direct work experience within the generic pharmaceutical sector across India, U.S, LATAM, GCC and EU markets. Also, he has nourished a network of over 20,000 active Pharma senior level contacts ( also 15500plus at LinkedIn & 40+ recommendations at LinkedIn from peers/HODs)
Deal Making is not an easy piece of cake. While it starts with active scouting, it is more relevant to follow the actual process flow and also active networking. The whole process starts with identifying gaps in product portfolio and then Sourcing and qualifying 3’rd party partners. In my 17 plus years of direct Pharma experience, I have found that Trust is the most important parameter in deal making and usually it grows with time. Also, to build trust and reach a preferred partner status, it is important to work together like a joint family concept. Another important aspect of Innovation and Partnerships lies with right communication. When we communicate well both internally and externally, we should clearly guide the reader or the team member with details. For example, in my MBA thesis, I was able to devise a ‘filing to market review (FTMR)” project wherein we mapped each process owner in terms of complexity and was able to reduce target launch dates by months in advance. Attached presentation is just a snapshot of what works well and what does not. Timing is also another important part of deal making. Even though we may have the best commercial case and molecule identified, if we are not respecting each other’s time and working towards a common goal, then we can easily fail. So, Innovation and partnerships in deal making is all about trust, timing and mutual growth.
Born and raised in Amman, Jordan, Rasha Oudeh is a businesswoman and entrepreneur with 18 years of professional experience, 11 of them in the field of pharmaceuticals. She currently holds the post of CEO at a Swiss-German company called CEDEM AG with an affiliate branch in Jordan. CEDEM specializes in the manufacturing and marketing of healthcare products, such as generic medicine, vitamins and cosmetics. It currently employs around 30 workers, mostly women
All over the world, women are shattering glass ceilings and proving that they have the power to be successful business leaders. While the battle for gender equality in the West has been effective in recent years, it is still not easy for women to start up their own business. Its even more difficult for women living in the Middle East; where entrepreneurship is still considered a man’s territory exclusively. A person’s journey to success lies not only in the wallet, but in the mastering of business competencies. Something that can be proven by Ms. Oudeh who wanted to advance her career and change her life. Despite gender stereotypes and societal discrimination, she dedicated her strength to her craft and managed to earn personal and professional success unprecedent to other Jordanian women. Lacking sufficient academic background, adhering to very strict taboos and prohibitions are some of the major obstacles women in the Middle East are met with whatever and whenever they set out to achieve their dreams. With determination, self-motivation and eagerness to learn, Oudeh was able to transform her “tight rope” into an expanse of endless possibilities. She seized the opportunities presented to her.With choosing to explore Germany and Switzerland, Oudeh will speak of the obstacles and difficulties she had to endure to reach her goals and become one of the most successful women entrepreneurs in the Middle East.
Guvenc Kockaya is a medical doctor and health economist. He earned Master of Science degree in Pharmacoeconomics & Pharmacoepidemiology at Yeditepe University and Doctorate degree in Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Pharmacology at Istanbul University. He completed the European Market Access Diploma Program at Lyon-1 University and studied as a short term fellow at Temple University’s Center for Pharmaceutical Health Services Research. He has established the ISPOR Yeditepe University Student Section. In 2011, he became the first Turkish citizen to be awarded the "ISPOR Meeting Travel Scholarship Award." He has several articles and posters that have been published in national and international journals or presented in national and international congresses. He has also served as the Turkish translation editor of Bootman`s Principles of Pharmacoeconomics and WHO`s Health Technology Assessment in Medical Devices. He worked for Ministry of Health of Turkey as health economist and was a member of Medical and Economic Evaluation Commission, which evaluates pharmaceutical reimbursement decisions. He worked also as head of market access or health economics department in pharmaceutical & medical device companies for Turkey and Middle East countries. He is the President of the Health Economics and Policy Association (HEPA) and plays an active role in the development of health economics in Turkey and a member of scientific advisory board of “Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways”. He is the editor of the books titled as “Pharmaceutical Market Access in Emerging Markets” and “Pharmaceutical Market Access in Developed Markets”. He is now working for CarthaGenetics, a Switzerland based Consultant Company as market access director for Europe, Turkey, Middle East and North Africa.
The Market Access (MA) term was first introduced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) to define the competing relation between the domestic and the imported products of a country. The WTO defines MA as a set of conditions, tariff and non-tariff measures, agreed by WTO members for the entry of specific goods into their markets. Pharmaceutical market access is achieving the optimal price for a product or service and/or maximum reimbursement for the approved (Market Authorisation) target population with no restrictions on funding for the medical technology. As a result of these challenges current market access hurdles for medicinal products became more diversified in the last 2 decades and they can be simply categorized under two major types based on payer needs and capabilities: 1) Delaying access (long review processes, real life data requirements, cost-benefit assessment for smaller patient groups, Prioritization in Good Manufacturing Practice audits before registration submissions, unscheduled Review Committee Meetings, Regional/Hospital reviews, outcomes based managed entry agreements) and Controlling demand (local reimbursement guidelines, import license renewals/limits, forced localization) 2) Increasing negotiation power for better pricing (cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis, joint procurement, central tendering, hospital and retail separate budgeting, hospital formulary, efficiency analysis, Therapeutic equivalency band, Joint Health Technology Assessment(HTA) initiatives, unofficial price data sharing, reference pricing, financial based managed entry agreements). In summary, price pressure will continue on budget holders and known method of business, economy and sciences to be used by them in order to increase efficiency in decision making, ÅŸayers will increase and access will be delayed inevitably, equity in access will remain problematic because of reimbursement filters by different local and regional payers, and across countries, lack of coordination among layers/regions/countries is obvious, but efforts will continue to harmonization, financial risk will shift more to pharma companies and increase access hurdles. End last but not least, hurdles are now starting before registration in many low affordability markets with other method of supply restrictions (GMP, import quotas, forced localization).
Rima Al Mohtar has completed Dba in progress business marketing and Mba business administration from Suhag University Egypt with accreditation Cambridge College. She is currently working as business marketing manager in target Innovation Company and registration.
Marketing is considered as the art of creating new value that is unprecedented for the consumer. Its goal is to provide a better standard of living for society and to create a long-term relationship with consumers. Pharmaceutical marketing is promoting the sale of pharmaceutical drugs. Customer service standards your pharmacy should aspire to meet. There are two major steps to be able to have a productive pharmacy. First you have to be patient and committed to this business. Second you have to know how important to deal with each customer and please him through giving your full care and attention. And by giving extra feedback about the item purchased. Change your way of thinking to follow the new generation. However, customer service should be approached as a philosophy, a founding principle, where the pharmacy staff can fall back to when they face challenging situations. There are four basic principles to the provision of great pharmacy service.
Ahmad Badr is a senior pharmacy student at Beirut Arab University. His expected year of graduation is 2019. He is currently a board member in the Quality Assurance Unit and the president of the Students Advising Academic Team. Ahmad is one who started the Lebanese Pharmacy Students Association in his faculty and signified its impact He is an ex-board member in LPSA, used to be the secretary and the head of public health events in Lebanon.He is the organizer of the LPSA’s first webinar, and currently the chairperson of the 3rd Lebanese Pharmaceutical Symposium. Ahmad is an official delegate in the International Pharmacy Students Federation’s world congress and is the upcoming president of LPSA.
During drug approval process, bioequivalence studies can be officially waived under specific conditions which are known as a biowaiver. Bio equivalency assessment is an essential step during the registration of a new drug product and reformulation of an already present dosage form. The bioequivalence studies require the involvement of human subjects which represents several constrains for its performance. In vitro testing namely solubility, permeability and dissolution evaluation represents an efficient widely accepted avenue for pharmaceutical products qualification for biowaivers. Drugs are classified based on their solubility and permeability into four classes which represent the scientific bases for the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS). On the basis of the solubility and gastrointestinal permeability of drug substance, BCS has been widely implemented for waiving bioequivalence studies. Thus, biowaivers-based BCS currently is a vital, economical and feasible tool for generic products legal approval. The present article reviews the benefits of biowaivers, the criteria and requirements for its conductance and the current state in the market.
Mohamad Hael Halawani is pursing BSc in pharmaceutical science at Beirut Arab University (BAU). He is a member in Lebanese pharmacy student association as he is actively participating in many events. He has worked at a community pharmacy for one year.
Vitamin D includes a group of lipid-soluble compounds with a four-ringed cholesterol backbone existing in two major forms: vitamin D2, and vitamin D3. The deficiency of vitamin D is a worldwide epidemic, yet unfortunately remains largely unrecognized by the majority of citizens. The aim of our study, which is an observational, cross sectional, community-based survey conducted during the month of April 2018 in Beirut, Lebanon on 508 participants is to investigate participants’ level of knowledge about vitamin D and their level of awareness of its health benefits. Subjects are divided into three categories were asked to complete a Vitamin D knowledge survey that assessed knowledge on aspects such as Vitamin D sources, health benefits and recommended intake. Knowledge questions were calculated by giving 1 point if the answer is correct, and 0 if the answer is wrong. A statistical significant relationship was observed when comparing the percentage of perception and knowledge of source of vitamin D of students and graduated to workers (p=0.01, 0.00), and it was observed when comparing the faculty courses as a source of hearing about vitamin D between students and workers (p=0.00). As a result, this study suggests that vitamin D knowledge is significantly related to the level of education of participants. Since this study is the first one to date that, assess the vitamin D knowledge of Lebanese population, it may be used as a basis for the development of health promotion programs aimed at decreasing the rate of vitamin D deficiency.
Governmental Affairs and Market Access,Lebanon
Mersaco, Lebanon
Ahmad Badr is a senior pharmacy student at Beirut Arab University. His expected year of graduation is 2019. He is currently a board member in the Quality Assurance Unit and the president of the Students Advising Academic Team. Ahmad is one who started the Lebanese Pharmacy Students Association in his faculty and signified its impact He is an ex-board member in LPSA, used to be the secretary and the head of public health events in Lebanon.He is the organizer of the LPSA’s first webinar, and currently the chairperson of the 3rd Lebanese Pharmaceutical Symposium. Ahmad is an official delegate in the International Pharmacy Students Federation’s world congress and is the upcoming president of LPSA
During drug approval process, bioequivalence studies can be officially waived under specific conditions which are known as a biowaiver. Bio equivalency assessment is an essential step during the registration of a new drug product and reformulation of an already present dosage form. The bioequivalence studies require the involvement of human subjects which represents several constrains for its performance. In vitro testing namely solubility, permeability and dissolution evaluation represents an efficient widely accepted avenue for pharmaceutical products qualification for biowaivers. Drugs are classified based on their solubility and permeability into four classes which represent the scientific bases for the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS). On the basis of the solubility and gastrointestinal permeability of drug substance, BCS has been widely implemented for waiving bioequivalence studies. Thus, biowaivers-based BCS currently is a vital, economical and feasible tool for generic products legal approval. The present article reviews the benefits of biowaivers, the criteria and requirements for its conductance and the current state in the market.
Mohamad Hael Halawani is pursing BSc in pharmaceutical science at Beirut Arab University (BAU). He is a member in Lebanese pharmacy student association as he is actively participating in many events. He has worked at a community pharmacy for one year.
Vitamin D includes a group of lipid-soluble compounds with a four-ringed cholesterol backbone existing in two major forms: vitamin D2, and vitamin D3. The deficiency of vitamin D is a worldwide epidemic, yet unfortunately remains largely unrecognized by the majority of citizens. The aim of our study, which is an observational, cross sectional, community-based survey conducted during the month of April 2018 in Beirut, Lebanon on 508 participants is to investigate participants’ level of knowledge about vitamin D and their level of awareness of its health benefits. Subjects are divided into three categories were asked to complete a Vitamin D knowledge survey that assessed knowledge on aspects such as Vitamin D sources, health benefits and recommended intake. Knowledge questions were calculated by giving 1 point if the answer is correct, and 0 if the answer is wrong. A statistical significant relationship was observed when comparing the percentage of perception and knowledge of source of vitamin D of students and graduated to workers (p=0.01, 0.00), and it was observed when comparing the faculty courses as a source of hearing about vitamin D between students and workers (p=0.00). As a result, this study suggests that vitamin D knowledge is significantly related to the level of education of participants. Since this study is the first one to date that, assess the vitamin D knowledge of Lebanese population, it may be used as a basis for the development of health promotion programs aimed at decreasing the rate of vitamin D deficiency.
Rima Al Mohtar has completed Dba in progress business marketing and Mba business administration from Suhag University Egypt with accreditation Cambridge College. She is currently working as business marketing manager in target Innovation Company and registration.
Marketing is considered as the art of creating new value that is unprecedented for the consumer. Its goal is to provide a better standard of living for society and to create a long-term relationship with consumers. Pharmaceutical marketing is promoting the sale of pharmaceutical drugs. Customer service standards your pharmacy should aspire to meet. There are two major steps to be able to have a productive pharmacy. First you have to be patient and committed to this business. Second you have to know how important to deal with each customer and please him through giving your full care and attention. And by giving extra feedback about the item purchased. Change your way of thinking to follow the new generation. However, customer service should be approached as a philosophy, a founding principle, where the pharmacy staff can fall back to when they face challenging situations. There are four basic principles to the provision of great pharmacy service.
Kuntal has 17 years of techno-commercial background with the entire value chain – right from product identification to launch. Kuntal has experience in both buying & selling products, Distribution agreements. He has been fortunate enough in having direct work experience within the generic pharmaceutical sector across India, U.S, LATAM, GCC and EU markets. Also, he has nourished a network of over 20,000 active Pharma senior level contacts ( also 15500plus at LinkedIn & 40+ recommendations at LinkedIn from peers/HODs)
Deal Making is not an easy piece of cake. While it starts with active scouting, it is more relevant to follow the actual process flow and also active networking. The whole process starts with identifying gaps in product portfolio and then Sourcing and qualifying 3’rd party partners. In my 17 plus years of direct Pharma experience, I have found that Trust is the most important parameter in deal making and usually it grows with time. Also, to build trust and reach a preferred partner status, it is important to work together like a joint family concept. Another important aspect of Innovation and Partnerships lies with right communication. When we communicate well both internally and externally, we should clearly guide the reader or the team member with details. For example, in my MBA thesis, I was able to devise a ‘filing to market review (FTMR)” project wherein we mapped each process owner in terms of complexity and was able to reduce target launch dates by months in advance. Attached presentation is just a snapshot of what works well and what does not. Timing is also another important part of deal making. Even though we may have the best commercial case and molecule identified, if we are not respecting each other’s time and working towards a common goal, then we can easily fail. So, Innovation and partnerships in deal making is all about trust, timing and mutual growth.
Guvenc Kockaya is a medical doctor and health economist. He earned Master of Science degree in Pharmacoeconomics & Pharmacoepidemiology at Yeditepe University and Doctorate degree in Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Pharmacology at Istanbul University. He completed the European Market Access Diploma Program at Lyon-1 University and studied as a short term fellow at Temple University’s Center for Pharmaceutical Health Services Research. He has established the ISPOR Yeditepe University Student Section. In 2011, he became the first Turkish citizen to be awarded the "ISPOR Meeting Travel Scholarship Award." He has several articles and posters that have been published in national and international journals or presented in national and international congresses. He has also served as the Turkish translation editor of Bootman`s Principles of Pharmacoeconomics and WHO`s Health Technology Assessment in Medical Devices. He worked for Ministry of Health of Turkey as health economist and was a member of Medical and Economic Evaluation Commission, which evaluates pharmaceutical reimbursement decisions. He worked also as head of market access or health economics department in pharmaceutical & medical device companies for Turkey and Middle East countries. He is the President of the Health Economics and Policy Association (HEPA) and plays an active role in the development of health economics in Turkey and a member of scientific advisory board of “Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways”. He is the editor of the books titled as “Pharmaceutical Market Access in Emerging Markets” and “Pharmaceutical Market Access in Developed Markets”. He is now working for CarthaGenetics, a Switzerland based Consultant Company as market access director for Europe, Turkey, Middle East and North Africa.
The Market Access (MA) term was first introduced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) to define the competing relation between the domestic and the imported products of a country. The WTO defines MA as a set of conditions, tariff and non-tariff measures, agreed by WTO members for the entry of specific goods into their markets. Pharmaceutical market access is achieving the optimal price for a product or service and/or maximum reimbursement for the approved (Market Authorisation) target population with no restrictions on funding for the medical technology. As a result of these challenges current market access hurdles for medicinal products became more diversified in the last 2 decades and they can be simply categorized under two major types based on payer needs and capabilities: 1) Delaying access (long review processes, real life data requirements, cost-benefit assessment for smaller patient groups, Prioritization in Good Manufacturing Practice audits before registration submissions, unscheduled Review Committee Meetings, Regional/Hospital reviews, outcomes based managed entry agreements) and Controlling demand (local reimbursement guidelines, import license renewals/limits, forced localization) 2) Increasing negotiation power for better pricing (cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis, joint procurement, central tendering, hospital and retail separate budgeting, hospital formulary, efficiency analysis, Therapeutic equivalency band, Joint Health Technology Assessment(HTA) initiatives, unofficial price data sharing, reference pricing, financial based managed entry agreements). In summary, price pressure will continue on budget holders and known method of business, economy and sciences to be used by them in order to increase efficiency in decision making, ÅŸayers will increase and access will be delayed inevitably, equity in access will remain problematic because of reimbursement filters by different local and regional payers, and across countries, lack of coordination among layers/regions/countries is obvious, but efforts will continue to harmonization, financial risk will shift more to pharma companies and increase access hurdles. End last but not least, hurdles are now starting before registration in many low affordability markets with other method of supply restrictions (GMP, import quotas, forced localization).
Mirza R Baig is currently working as a Head of Clinical Pharmacy department in Dubai Pharmacy College. He did his PhD in Clinical Pharmacy from University Science Malaysia (USM), Malaysia. He worked in Malaysia, India and has international teaching and research experience of about 17 years. He also worked as an Acting Dean in AIMST University, Malaysia. He published 4 books related to Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care. He published more than 50 Research papers and articles in International Journals. He is in the editorial board in various international journals, including reviewer for couple of Elsevier journals. He supervised numerous master and PhD students for their research projects. He also reviewed several Master and PhD thesis for Indian and foreign universities as an external examiner. He has been invited for guest lectures, invited speaker, chairperson and moderator for many national and International conferences in India, Malaysia, Singapore and UAE. He received many awards in his career, few of it as an outstanding scientist by a research foundation in India 2016, Best Quality Research in 2016 in DUPHAT Dubai, Best oral presentation in Dubai 2015 & 2014, Young scientist award in Malaysia in 2013, Best presentation award in IPC 2003, in India. His area of research is Pharmacoepidemiology, Drug safety and efficacy, Drug Utilization Studies, Pharamcovigilance, and Public health.
The role of the pharmacist has evolved substantially in recent decades. The traditional activities of the profession primarily focused on the dispensing and supply of medications. Interacting with other healthcare professionals or patients was restricted to some extent. The high prevalence of medication errors and inappropriate prescribing is a major issue within healthcare systems, and can often contribute to adverse drug events, many of which are preventable. As a result, there is a huge opportunity for pharmacists to have a significant impact on reducing healthcare costs, as they have the expertise to detect, resolve, and prevent medication errors and medication-related problems. Global healthcare expenditure is escalating at an unsustainable rate. Money spent on medicines and managing medication-related problems continues to grow. The development of clinical pharmacy practice in recent decades has resulted in an increased number of pharmacists working in clinically advanced roles worldwide. Pharmacist-provided services and clinical interventions have been shown to reduce the risk of potential adverse drug events and improve patient outcomes, and the majority of published studies show that these pharmacist activities are cost-effective or have a good cost: benefit ratio. Future high-quality economic evaluations with robust methodologies and study design are required to investigate what pharmacist services have significant clinical benefits to patients and substantiate the greatest cost savings for healthcare budgets.
Rima Al Mohtar has completed Dba in progress business marketing and Mba business administration from Suhag University Egypt with accreditation Cambridge College. She is currently working as business marketing manager in target Innovation Company and registration.
Marketing is considered as the art of creating new value that is unprecedented for the consumer. Its goal is to provide a better standard of living for society and to create a long-term relationship with consumers. Pharmaceutical marketing is promoting the sale of pharmaceutical drugs. Customer service standards your pharmacy should aspire to meet. There are two major steps to be able to have a productive pharmacy. First you have to be patient and committed to this business. Second you have to know how important to deal with each customer and please him through giving your full care and attention. And by giving extra feedback about the item purchased. Change your way of thinking to follow the new generation. However, customer service should be approached as a philosophy, a founding principle, where the pharmacy staff can fall back to when they face challenging situations. There are four basic principles to the provision of great pharmacy service.
Having earned her Bachelor degree in Pharmacy and armed with 23 years of experience in the Pharmaceutical industry,The best way she followed to do that, she felt, was to complement With an extensive her experience of 14 years in sales & marketing, After several experiences in Hanadi’s path, the main period which shaped her skills, competencies was definitely during her services in Roche which lasted for 16 years where she accepted many challenges in several disease areas and contributed positively in the business development and growth Hanadi was Recognized as a high potential expert in Access by in 2012 for after strengthening the understanding of the health care environment in Lebanon.Now Hanadi is Head of Market Access & Policy Department in MERSACO
A new era of collaboration among payers, providers and Pharma started years ago to ensure and work towards closing the conventional gaps in drug access. Payers, providers, pharmaceutical companies and patients had a complex relationship. The conventional scenario suggests payers want to cut expenses; pharmaceutical companies are launching innovative therapies at high cost, while providers want high quality care (regardless of cost). Patients expected always pharmaceutical companies to provide services that help them manage their health. Some companies were pioneer in realizing the gap in drug access since 2008-2009, so they are considered advanced in some components, others admitted they need to embed this concept and those who did not have this strategy are considering it. This abstract summarizes what is currently happening in the payer-provider-pharma industry and patient relationship, and how pharma should engage and benefit from the collaboration with payers and others Payers main objective is to ensure the best innovative drugs are available in the formulary without any financial burden on their budget. They realized the need to leverage their skills and assess the drugs cost appropriately while considering the high unmet medical need. As access is a mindset and a culture, a multidisciplinary like approach should be initiated among these 4 stakeholders to understand each other need and concern and collaborate together for the patients benefit. Optimally, we should aim to invite all sides to start increasingly sharing the goals of improving quality, reduced expense and getting the drug as fast as possible to the patient.