To address the challenges of climate change caused by the prevailing use of fossil fuels, the low-carbon transition is urgently needed as a major approach to realizing sustainable development in developing countries. Officially launched in 2015, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) provided opportunities for deep cooperation between China and Pakistan focusing on the energy, transportation, ports, and industrial cooperation. Under the CPEC, an increasing number of renewable energy projects have been funded, providing increasingly significant carbon emission avoided effects in Pakistan. Among the priority energy projects in the CPEC, the photovoltaic power stations in the Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park are among Pakistan’s representative solar energy projects. The development of the project is with the participation of multiple Chinese enterprises, including TBEA Xinjiang Sunoasis Co., Ltd. and Zonergy Company Limited. During the whole processes, the development model of the photovoltaic power stations gradually changed from the Engineering, Procurement, and Construction plus Operation and Maintenance model to the Build-Own- Operate model. Based on the multi-stage construction of solar power stations in the solar park, the land, infrastructure, and transmission facilities could be arranged, simplifying the procedures for the respective enterprises. Meanwhile, the construction and operation of the photovoltaic power stations are subject to the multi-scale embedding framework including resource endowments, industrial linkages, development plans, and institutional systems in the host countries. The construction of the solar park could provide references to promote low-carbon transition, improve energy institutional systems, fulfill carbon reduction commitments, and mitigate climate change, which is expected to provide policy implications for renewable energy development and low-carbon transition.

Statement of the Problem: In India there are many agencies that aim to aid sustainable development. Most of these agencies are federal or state government owned and are operated individually or under a specific ministry. Each agency, in order to formulate policies and rules, collect data and manages it. For example, a water resources department collects data on reservoir water levels, water demand and water supply for sustainably managing water supply schemes. Therefore, agencies are divided into themes/focus areas or departments and data is housed in each of these units individually.

Formulation of management/performance indices (e.g. drought index, flood index, unmet demand index) requires good observation data, and requires seamless/open access to data. It is therefore important to identify/develop frameworks that is sensitive to issues on data sharing, thereby creating unique pathways for collaboration towards a win-win scenario. On such scenario is the use of Big Data from remote-sensing platforms along with observed data for groundwater resources assessment. I used such frameworks for understanding, in India, the impact on groundwater due to increased agricultural productivity, pollution of groundwater, groundwater recharge due to canals, check dam performances and flood mitigation using Ganges aquifers. Under such scenarios, there is a need to identify big-data tools and methods that can be used to assess research gaps. In this presentation, potential methods to collect and collaborate data for rural management will be discussed.

The Paleocene-Eocene sedimentary rocks with unconformable contact with underlying Late Cambrian Abbottabad Formation and disconformable contact with overlying Miocene Murree Formation are exposed within a regional geological structure recognized as the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis (HKS) in North Western, sub Himalayas, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The area is highly deformed by the folds and faults owing to tectonic activities. The Chalpani anticline, Patikka syncline, Patikka anticline, Panjgran syncline, Panjgran anticline, Devlian anticline, Balgran syncline and Nauseri anticline are the intraformational folds within Murree Formation.

The Yadgar-Back Thrust, Ghori-Back Thrust, Chalpani fault, Devlian fault and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) are the emergent faults of the area. The Yadgar-Back Thrust is reverse in nature and marked in Margala Hill Limestone. The Ghori-Back Thrust is a northeast-southwest trending fault within Murree Formation. This fault is a back Thrust which is reverse in nature. The Chalpani fault is a northwest-southeast trending fault within Murree Formation. The Devlian fault within Murree Formation is marked on the basis of shearing, crushing, breccia, tilted or uplifted terrace and offset of river. The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) is a northwest-southeast trending regional structure between Miocene Murree Formation and Panjal Formation in which Panjal Formation is thrusted over the Murree Formation. The MBT and Panjal thrust are folded around the syntaxis.

Increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentrations is of great environmental concern due to the role of this gas in climate change and stratospheric ozone destruction. Nitrogen-enriched lotic water bodies are significant sources of N₂O. However, N₂O emissions from rivers and streams, particularly those that receive untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater discharge are poorly understood, especially in Brazil. In addition, monitoring strategies to reduce N₂O emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play an important role in regulating the atmosphere's climate. Different operating conditions can favor the occurrence of partial nitrification and denitrification processes in WWTPs, thus creating conditions for N₂O accumulation in the liquid phase, due to increases in production rates. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of reactive nitrogen inputs due to the discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater on the spatial and temporal variability of N₂O emissions from different streams located in Ilha Grande hydrographic unit, in Southeastern Brazil. In addition, another aim of this study was to evaluate the variability of N₂O emissions from two aerobic treatment systems (AS: activated sludge and TF: trickling filter) operated as post-treatments in anaerobic reactor effluents with different aeration systems (artificial and natural) located in different regions of Brazil. High spatial and temporal variability in N₂O emissions were noted, with the highest emissions in urban areas. Therefore, the differences observed between N₂O fluxes from the studied streams seem to be associated with different lotic water body conditions, such as availability of reactive nitrogen and dissolved oxygen. Both studied full-scale aerobic treatment systems displayed high temporal variability in N₂O emissions associated with different operational and environmental conditions, such as: (1) aeration intermittency and high amplitudes of influent nitrogen loads for the AS system, (2) recirculation of treated wastewater and different wastewater temperatures for the TF system.

Consumption of microbial-contaminated water could result to diarrhea, enteropathy, and other illnesses with the heaviest impact upon children. Laoang though an island, had a problem on its water supply and resources. In response to this problem, the University of Eastern Philippines Laoang Campus (UEPL) had a project which aimed to provide potable water for faculty members, employee, and students that can be utilized in their daily chores, hence this study was conceptualized. Specifically, it aimed to determine the presence of Coliform spp. bacteria and other borne microorganisms in the water; and to conduct a presumptive test for isolating and culturing Coliform and biochemical test in order to determine the water quality. Experimental research method was used. Multiple Tube Fermentation technique was used at the department of Science and Technology (DOST) Regional Standard and Testing Laboratory.

Results reported that there was a “most probable” number per 100 ml of sample (MPN/100 ml) of an estimated mean density of coliform in the sample based on the probability formula. The Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) estimated the number of live heterotrophic bacteria in the sample. The total coliform count in the three samples were greater than 23.0 MPN/mL count. The standard value of the total coliform count based on Philippine National standard for Drinking Water was less than 1.1. MPN/mL. The findings all showed greater 23.0 MPN/100 mL count. The standard value was less 1.1 MPN/mL while the result of the Heterotrophic Bacteria showed that only ML 17 825 was below the standard value of less than 500 CFU/mL. The other two samples showed a very high concentration as compared to the standard value. Hence, the water was not safe for drinking. The heterotrophic bacteria present in the water pose health risks to human and a high HPC count was an indicator for ideal condition for the growth of bacteria.

Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that water particularly from the sources of the samples are not safe for use especially for drinking. A defective well is often the cause when coliform are found in water. Contamination may come from several kinds of defects such as missing or defective well cap, contaminant seepage through the deep well casing, contaminant seeping along the outside of the casing and well flooding. Hence, the campus administration should repair or provide some modifications of the water system to exterminate the presence of coliform.

Keywords – Water Quality; Experimental Research Design, Microbial Analysis, Escherichia coli (E. coli); Coliform spp.; Coliforms, Multiple – Tube Fermentation Technique, Lauryl Sulfate Broth (Merck), Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC, Colony Forming Unit.