The differential diagnosis between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are still roughly problematic in clinical practice, despite the widely used diagnostic criteria to differentiate between the two disorders. There is an increasing evidence that cerebrovascular dysfunction plays a role not only in vascular causes of cognitive alterations but also in AD. Cognitively patients, with AD, show sometimes mixed degrees of associated vascular lesions in 30-60% of AD cases. In opposition, AD pathology may be present in 40%-80% of VaD patients, thus impeding diagnosis accuracy. Therefore, to eliminate this bewilderment and discrepancies in the diagnosis between the AD and VaD, it is worthy to shed light firstly on a disease that is a microangiopathy and represents VaD with clear milestones and features as is the case of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Studying CADASIL CSF biomarkers profile,  will help in the differential diagnosis between both diseases sharing the coexisting neurodegeneration, furthermore, CADASIL is a dominantly inherited mid-adult life disorder causing ischemic strokes, which belongs to vasculopathies and symbolizes a genuine prototype of VaD that provides a valuable opportunity for studying its CSF biomarkers. Secondly, examining and evaluating the CSF biomarkers of AD compared to that of CADASIL.

The pathogenesis similarities between CADASIL and early onset AD affecting the small vessels of the brain have suggested plausible molecular mechanisms involved in vascular damage and their impact on brain function and also come from the fact that in both diseases genetic mutations occur. CADASIL mutations in NOTCH3 gene  generate toxic protein aggregates (Granular Osmiophilic Material- GOM) in the vicinity of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) causing degeneration and loss of VSMCs in small arteries and arterioles of white matter regions of the brain that lead to dementia, similar to those attributed to mutant forms of the Amyloid Precursor proteins (APP) and presenilins genes who cause overproduction and accumulations of the toxic Aβ42 protein in the brain and collapse of Aβ42 clearance mechanisms in AD. Despite the presumed pathological similarities, substantial differences between the two phenomena may exist especially in the CSF neurochemical phenotypes. To examine this aspect, which may help in the differential diagnosis, we carried out this review

Despite mortality from infectious illnesses, human conflicts and poverty, dementia incidence is expected to rise on the globe in tandem with the ageing population (Kalaria et al., 2008). Whilst many countries have made sensible progress in implementing public awareness campaigns to improve the public understanding of dementia, solely 25% of countries worldwide have a national policy to support those with dementia and their families (WorldHealth Organisation, 2021). Furthermore, perspectives on dementia and its treatment vary greatly among these countries. In developing countries like India, home-based care is the standard when it comes to treating dementia. Low-income elders in India receive home-based treatment from a group of professional staff and volunteers from the Alzheimer’s and Related Disorders Society (ARDS). Whilst beds solely consist of little more than a wooden frame with a piece of cardboard yet dementia patients are able to receive a treatment plan and regular in-home visits from ARSDI caregivers. In sharp contrast, more industrialise countries like The Netherlands are able to implement a way more advanced approach. Here, a designated ‘dementia’ village just miles away from capital Amsterdam exists, where half of the residents are dementia patients and the other half are residents who are specially-trained caregivers who pose as restaurant staff, barbers and other regular occupations making sure those with cognitive impairment remain safe and calm. This innovative care facility allows those suffering from memory loss feel as though they are living regular lives and remain engaged with their environment (REFERENCE). Besides financial status, individualistic and collectivistic moralities might influence on dementia care choices (Hanssen & Tran, 2018). As such, there is strong evidence of cross-cultural differences in how dementia is approached. For instance, in Chinese culturues, individualism is regarded as egotistical and selfish – it is associated with a focus on personal interest and with a lack of care for others. In contrast, collectivism relates to solidarity with the group (Triandis, 1995). Hence, in collectivistic cultures, family care for dementia tends to be considered primary, where letting professionals take over this responsibility either as home or institutionalised care is often perceived as elder neglect (Wallgagen & Yamamoto-Minati, 2006). Family care traditions for dementia are also prevalent among Latin-Americans and Africans (Mahoney et al., 2005) and East-Europeans (Mackenzie, 2006). On the other hand, Calia et al. (2019) found that values and attitudes surrounding care in American individualistic cultures were associated with nursing homes, with a lack of portrayal of familial duty. Hence, both financial status and individualistic and collectivistic moralities seem to be two of the factors that modulate dementia perspectives and care. In the presentation there will be given an overview of how cultural differences influences the perception of alzheimer disease in societies and how healthcare systems react on this. We will explore more in-depth specifically how these factors affect dementia care and treatment across the globe.

The author has utilized his developed GH-Method: math-physical medicine methodology, including metabolism index (MI) model, viscoelastic & viscoplastic glucose theory (VGT) model, and glucose density (glucodensity) model to investigate his collected millions data of metabolism and glucose during 2012 to 2022 in order to have an idea of his risk probability of developing into dementia conditions resulted from his repetitive situations of hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, glycemic fluctuations.  According to other research findings, those diabetes phenomena do bring in extra level of dementia risk.  The question is “how much higher of risk and resulted from which input factors?”  These kind of questions are difficult to be answered by using the traditional biochemical research approach, but the math-physical approach can indeed shed some lights. 

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, share a common etiopathogenesis, caused by protein aggregates accumulation in the brain, containing specific misfolded proteins [1]. Correct protein folding is the basis of cellular well-being; misfolded proteins accumulation, inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leads, in fact, to an imbalance of homeostasis, and a ER stress condition. To restore normal physiological conditions, a signal transduction pathway is activated, the unfolded protein response (UPR), controlled by three different proteins resident in the ER: IRE1α, PERK and ATF6, which are kept in an inactive state by binding to the molecular chaperone GRP78/BiP [2]. Misfolded proteins accumulation, in ER lumen, causes a displacement of this chaperone, thus activating the UPR: PERK, after an autophosphorylation, phosphorylates eIF2α, which activates transcription factor ATF4, which, in turn, induces transcription of the pro-apoptotic protein CHOP; ATF6 acts as a transcription factor, activating UPR target genes, including GRP78/BiP; IRE1α, on the other hand, determines an upregulation of ER chaperones expression. UPR consists, therefore, in an adaptive response of the cell to an ER stress condition, which, however, continuing over time, induces permanent damage and apoptosis [3]. The association between reticular stress and programmed death has been highlighted, moreover, also thanks to the Caspase-4discovery, a caspase localized in ER and specifically activated by apoptotic stimuli induced by reticular stress. ER stress is also associated with oxidative stress, caused by high levels of oxygen radical species (ROS), both cytosolic and mitochondrial, which have escaped the enzymatic control of Superoxide Dismutase, whose levels decrease with increasing stress [4,5]. The aim of my experimental work was to evaluate the corrector Vx-809 (Lumacaftor) activity, a drug used in Cystic Fibrosis, in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, in which a ER stress condition was mimicked, by Thapsigargin, with the aim of verifying whether this corrector could improve, not only the ΔF508 CFTR folding, but also the other proteins folding, in such a way as to be able to hypothesize its possible therapeutic use in proteinopathies, such as neurodegenerative diseases. Results obtained showed that Vx-809 is involved both in a reduction of proteins expressed under ER stress conditions and in the cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS reduction, as well as in the decrease of the apoptotic pathway activation

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that has no curative therapy till now. It's known to affect not only the memory and cognitive functions but also the behavior of the patient. Back to nature is the trend of many pharmaceutical researches. Piperine is an alkaloid with memory enhancing properties. This drug suffers many problems when delivered orally; it's a hydrophobic drug that is subjected to first pass metabolism. Since oral delivery is the most suitable route for treatment of chronic diseases, Our research group elaborated versatile types of nanocarriers as a potential delivery system for piperine. The use of bioactive excipients as surfactants for stabilization of Microemulsion was suggested to enhance piperine delivery to the brain. The elaborated system contained Caproyl 90 as oil, Tween 80, Cremophor RH 40 as surfactants and Transcutol HP as a co-surfactant. The particle size of the prepared formulations was less than 150 nm with negative zeta potential. The in vivo results showed a superior effect over the free drug. This work is the first to discuss the potential toxicity of Microemulsion where the results of toxicological studies revealed a potential nephrotoxicity although the used doses were within the reported safety margins. Brain toxicity results on the other hand showed safety of nanocarriers on brain cells. The current article highlighted an imperative question mark on use of ME in chronic diseases. High surfactant content acts as a double weapon that not only increase bioavailability but nephrotoxicity as well.

Historically, statistical variance has been defined as the average of the squared differences between the previously computed variable mean under consideration and each of the values of this variable. This is the usual variance. It can be shown that the average of all the squared differences between two individual values is equal to the usual variance, as far as all the pairs of cases being compared are given the same weight. The basis of the presentation, a mathematical article published in 2017, proposes to consider an extension of variance according to the principle of not uniform but varied weights for the pairs of cases compared in the calculation. Practically, such a variability may come from the external world (for example: on a map of administrative divisions, differences between neighbouring districts can be overlooked) but it may also come from the mental interiority of subjects in a situation, more or less inclined as they may be not to take every combination of cases into consideration, or only considering some among them. The presentation will outline some extensions of this reasoning in sociology and cognitive science.

Statement of the problem: Dementia is a term that confers a progressive neurocognitive impairment with subsequent loss of functional and occupational capacity with marked potential health care burden. Many treatments are approved aiming at reducing the upcoming progression with little effect on the cognitive domains. Brain stimulation involves many procedures that presumably have positive influence on neuromodulation with turn on and off effect of the brain functions.Surface non-invasive stimulation including transcranial magnetic stimulation and direct electrical stimulation were merely investigated with variable results and outcomes. Deep brain stimulation is another invasive method to modulate the brain functions with marked effects for many other neurodegenerative disorders and still investigated for Alzheimer's dementia.
 Methodology and theoretical orientation: The purpose of this presentation is to clarify these methods of brain stimulation, figure out their effects and side effects based on critical appraisal approach for different and updated research and clinical trials.
Conclusions and significance: Results and recommendations will be presented based on reviewing the research data, verifying the clinical significance of different methods, and highlighting the possible recommendations for clinical research.

Background: Dementia disease is becoming a global health problem that has frequent negative psychological consequences for many caregivers. Aim of the study: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of psycho educational program on psychological problems and burden of care among caregivers of patients with Dementia. Design: A Quasi-experimental research design (pre/ post test) was utilized in this study. Setting: This study was conducted at geriatric outpatient clinic at Psychiatric and Mental Health Hospital at Benha City, Kaluobia Governorate, which is affiliated to general secretariat of mental health. Sample: A purposive sample of (60) caregivers of patient with Dementia will be selected from the above mentioned setting Tools: Tool (1): A structured Interviewing Questionnaire Sheet, Tool (11): Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), and Tool (111): Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) scale: Results: Findings reflected that there were highly statistically significant reduction in the severity of the total levels of psychological problems (depression, anxiety &stress) and burden of post program implementation than before.. Conclusion: The psycho educational program had a positive effect on reducing psychological problems and burden of care among caregivers of patients with Dementia. Recommendation: Generalization of psycho-educational program in all psychiatric hospitals to alleviate the psychological problems and burden of care among all caregivers of patients with Dementia