Barbara-ann Guinn is a Professor in the University of Hull, UK.
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) affects approximately 7000 women in the U.K. every year. It can occur at any age but is most common after menopause. Diagnosis at an early stage of disease greatly improves the chances of effective treatment however, diagnosis tends to be in the later stages of disease when patients present with pelvic or abdominal pain, urinary frequency or urgency, increased abdominal size or bloating. A diagnosis of OC is usually confirmed by a pelvic examination, transvaginal ultrasonography and detection of carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) in the tumour tissue. However, CA125 has proven to be non-specific with variable expression between patients, which appears to work better as part of a panel to improve specificity, sensitivity (