Decommissioning of offshore oil and gas platforms raises many complex issues to consider before accomplishing a successful strategy to undertake these activities in an environmentally effective, efficient and equitably safe manner not only for the operators and the regulatory authorities but for the physical and biological surroundings. There are many factors to evaluate and issues like liability, reputational risk, cost, cumulative impact, technical development, regulatory framework and Climate Change would all have to be considered on a case to case scenario as opposed to adopting a regular strategy for all facilities. The debate is focused about whether the structure or facilities left in place like an artifical reef habitat constitute valuable habitat and deliver ecosystem services or in contrast impact the biological environment and should be removed. Many offshore facilities, although deployed as artifical reef for a very long time have not developed the diversity of benthic or fish assemblages comparable to that found on the natural reef. South East Asia hosts many aging offshore facilities and the shortage of decomissioning yards and a lack of policy framework and financial support play a big role in order to conduct these activities in a way that safeguard the environment and the biodiversity of the marine environment.

Rhododendron formosanum, an endemic plant in subtropical region of Taiwan, possesses diversity of natural products such as phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenoids in leaves and other plant parts. Underneath the vegetation, there is almost lacking understory species which turns out to be an allelopathic phenomenon. We have already demonstrated the unique pattern of allelopathy which was due to the allelopathic substances released from the plant leaves. The responsible allelopathic substances are water soluble phenolic acids, namely, p-hydroxybenzoic, methyl-ferulate, syringic acid, vanillic acid, coumarin, and protocatechuic acid. On the other hand, cinnamtannin D1, a trimer of catechin, from the plant induces autophagy via the inhibition of Akt/mTOR activation of ERK1/2 non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Additionally, ursolic acid, a triterpenoid isolated from the plant, also exhibits the apoptosis of the aforementioned cancer cell. Two related triterpenoids such as oleanolic acid and betulinic acid isolated also performed anti-pathogenic bacteria activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes. In overall, the diversified natural products of phenolics, flavonoids and terpenoids, in deed, profound multifunctions of both allelochemical and pharmaceutical activities. These diverse functions of natural products produced from the R. formosana play an important role in sustainable agriculture and pharmaceutical application that certainly are beneficial to human-being.

Plant communities of the arid deserts are facing several stresses, such as high temperatures, repeated draught and overgrazing. The impacts of protection from grazing for two years on plant diversity, richness, abundance and community structure were assessed in sand dunes and gravel plains of Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve. During the two years, the study area received significantly less rainfall than the average and consequently was a good chance to assess the impact of draught and protection from grazing on community attributes of the two substrate types. Protection for two years significantly increased plant diversity, abundance and sizes in sand dunes. In gravel plains, however, protection resulted in the reduction of most of the community attributes. The reduction was significant in the grazed, but not in the protected sites, indicating that grazing exaggerated the negative effects of drought in gravel plains. The positive effect of protection from grazing in sand dunes indicates that many of sand dune plants are less affect by draught; many of them were grown nicely after very little showers. Water irrigation was provided for both protected and grazed sites on sand dunes. Species richness and abundance in the irrigated exclosures were twice that in the irrigated open grazed sites. In addition, species richness, plant abundance and average plant sizes attained significantly greater values in the irrigated than in non irrigated plots. The results conclude that both rainfall and grazing are limiting factors in shaping plant community and their impact is dependent on the soil type

Amazon has hot temperature (26^oC to 30^oC) throughout year, and availability of water is also there throughout the year. Amazon has 3,000 species of fishes, 450 species of reptiles, 1300 species of birds and 430 species of mammals. North Canada has temperature range (40^oC to 25^oC) It has 1389 species of fishes, 48 species of reptiles, 986 species of birds, and 200 species of mammals. Thar Desert Temperature range (5^oC to 45^oC) and water not available, 142 species of fishes, 350 species of birds, 35 species of reptiles and 60 species of mammals. So, we can conclude biodiversity is proportional to low temperature and availability of water.

Competing species cannot overlap their resource exploitation beyond a limit where one is inevitably eliminated. Their coexistence requires the partition of ecological niches attained by conditional differentiation. Since the overall fitness results from the holistic integration of the fitness specific to each of the life-cycle components, evolutionists are interested in determining which aspects drive species A to outcompete species B under a set of conditions. This requires a Taylor expansion of the life cycle model, known in demography as Life Table Response Experiment (LTRE). Kelp species have been observed differentiating their adaptation to water temperature, leading to geographical zonation. We tested whether two cryptic Lessonia sp. partitioned their niche occupation along the Chilean shores by differentiating their haploid micro stages adaptations to water temperature. In a preliminary analysis we tested the sensitivity of fitness to the vital rates, the sensitivity of the vital rates to temperature and whether the vital rates did significantly change between species. This approach looses the holistic details of the life-cycle as well as not translating effective differences between vital rates into effective differences in fitness. The result was a deterring amount of graphics and tables erroneously suggesting everything significantly differed and with an impact on fitness. A posterior LTRE demonstrated this not to be true and that only the fertility of the haploid females are different in their temperature regimes among species with a significant impact on fitness and niche occupation. LTRE enables a focused analysis providing truthful and synthetic results and conclusions