Biofuels are considered as an alternative to the traditional energy sources such as coal, oil and nature gas. Under biofuels we understand ethanol, produced from plants; biodiesel, produced from nature lipids; and biogas, produced through anaerobic digestion of industrial, municipal/household waste, as well as plant and animal waste.

Biogas is widely used fuel in economically developed countries, as well as in the countries from 3rd world. It has many applications. Among the most important ones are as fuel for both thermal power plants, national gas grid systems and as a fuel in various types of vehicles, including passenger cars, trucks, small and midsize boats and aircrafts. The use of biogas could minimize the carbon emissions, accumulated by the burning of conventional fuels. It could also minimize the problems with the accumulation of organic waste, by utilizing that waste and turning it into biogas. The main source to produce biogas is manure. Some of the disadvantages of producing biogas, is the low content of methane (50 – 60%), as well as the presence of sulfuric compounds. In the current case, our aim is to investigate the possibilities of optimizing the methods and conditions for biogas production from vegetable waste.

Hydrogen gas as a unique energy carrier and the cleanest burning fuel, is widely known to be future fuel. Unlike current electrochemical and chemical methods of H₂ production, which are neither commercially scalable nor environmentally friendly, microalgal H₂ photoproduction has the potential of being a non CO₂-emitter and affordable method. However extreme sensitivity of hydrogenase enzyme to photosynthetic O₂ naturally prevents large-scale H₂ production upon illumination. Although a two-phase sulfur deficiency method has been established to deal with this incompatibility, its time and cost demanding, so that this model lacks commercial maturity.  Despite much effort has been made so far, no proper economic alternative for the sulfur deprivation model, with higher or even same productivity and sustainability, has been presented. Herein we propose a simple and viable alternative, through introducing a chemical O₂ scavenger system, called oxysorb, to algal cultures.

Oxysorb, in non-cytotoxic concentrations (including 50 or 100 mM sodium ascorbate and 5 ppm cupric sulfate) for CC124 as well as pgr5 cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (containing 30 mg/ml chlorophyll) showed a fast, safe and persisted O₂ removal capacity. Thereby oxysorb initiated H₂ production, with no needs to sulfur deficiency, sustaining for more than ten days. H₂ production obtained with oxysorb-containing cultures was up to 5.5 times higher than sulfur-deprived ones. This higher H₂ productivity in the oxysorb approach was achieved due to anoxia establishment with no ROS production and without impacting PSII activity.

Algae is an alternative feed stock for biofuels, high value chemicals, and antioxidants. Sustainability of biofuel production directly depends on the growth and biomass productivity of algae species. The growth of algae is measured by many ways such as dry weight(DW), ash free dry weight(AFDW), optical density(OD), algae cell count(ACC) and total organic carbon(TOC). DW & AFDW are the gravimetric based approaches involving multiple steps such as filtration, washing, drying & ashing, which are laborious, time consuming, and also expensive.Therefore, to reduce the time and expense multiple alternative approaches were evaluated.The correlations between AFDW versus other methods were investigated.Linearity between the methods was determined and conversion factors were derived to calculate the AFDW from various growth parameters.In this study, algal cultures of different genera, namely Picochlorum sp., Chlorella sp. and Scendesmus sp. were selected to study the measurement accuracy of respective methods. Cultures were grown under controlled conditions, the growth was measured in terms of OD,ACC,AFDW and TOC.The correlation curves developed between AFDW versus various growth parameters, shown > 99% linearity.The slope derived, could be used to calculate AFDW instantly. The slope determined was found to be species specific.Amongst, all the studied methods OD, TOC and ACC were found 60, 20 and 10 times faster as well as 40, 6 and 10 times cheaper than AFDW method respectively. AFDW is laborious method whereas OD,TOC, and AAC are instrument based and require 50% lesser manpower.This study helped in evaluating appropriate alternative methods that provide quicker,convenient,accurate and economic biomass measurement procedures.

The present paper was purposed to expose the necessity of using computer science among biofuel researches, especially In terms of cost and time. It also introduced data mining using R language programming and its capabilities and features. In continuation, the paper exposed the predicted results for two researches and measuring the accuracy of these predictions under the lab circumstances:

1-To predict the suitable light intensity on the lipid Accumulation properties of a freshwater microalga Chlorococcum Oleofaciens KF584224.1 to get the highest lipid content.

2-To predict the effects of different ferric ion concentrations on lipid accumulation, and fatty acid profile of freshwater microalga Chlorococcum Oleofaciens KF584224.

The present study was purposed to predict the suitable light intensity on the lipid Accumulation properties of a freshwater microalga Chlorococcum Oleofaciens KF584224.1 to get the highest lipid content. Based on some previous studies and gathered data for light intensity, by using Genetic Algorithm via R programming language, we predicted that if we cultivate the body of these microalgae species at two different light intensities (200 and 400 μmol photons m^-2s^-1) then we will get the highest lipid content at highest probability. In continuation, the microalga was isolated from a freshwater body and cultivated at five different light intensities of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μmol photons m^-2s^-1 for 20 days. Once algae reached the stationary phase, the maximum biomass productivity (367.82±4.26mgL^-1d^-1) was found in culture illuminated with 200 μmol photons m^-2s^-1, while the highest lipid content (59.18±1.62%) and lipid productivity (126.72±3.27mgL^-1d^-1) were achieved in culture illuminated with 400 μmol photons m^-2s^-1. The properties of biodiesel obtained from C. oleofaciens cultured fewer than 50 μmol photons m^-2s^-1 met the specifications provided by the international biodiesel standards (European EN 14214 and US ASTM D6751), higher light illumination improved the biodiesel quality which makes C. oleofaciens as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production especially under 400 μmol photons m^-2s^-1 light intensity.

While CO2 emissions resulting from domestic aviation are included in the Paris Agreement, this is not the case for the 65% of global aviation fuel emissions from international air traffic. Instead, the UN’s International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) decided through its triennial 39th Assembly summit (in 2016) to attain carbon neutral growth post-2020 through a Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA).

Under CORSIA, sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are foreseen to be one of the options in the toolbox to achieve carbon-neutral growth in aviation. The main problem remains whether producers will be able to produce sustainably and economically enough to seduce aircraft operators to purchase SAF. Our research has compared SAF production cost projections to other available carbon reduction options, and drawn conclusions on the potential success of CORSIA, as well as of the SAF market more broadly.