The  main  objective  of  this  research  was  to  determine  the  amount of oil fish  were extracted from fish west resulted from butchering, cutting and splitting processes before salmon smoking by using cold  pressing `methods.  The  amount  and  the  characteristics  of  extracted  of  oil were  tested at Regional Centre for food and feed the USDA Agricultural Research Center laboratory. The  samples  were  used  from fresh Salmon  waste about 1000g from each of the (head, skin,  viscera,  backbone,  frames  and  cuts  off).  This waste recorded  more than  22%  of  the  total  mass  from  salmon  fish with used modern extract machine. in this experiment  the results  revealed  the  fresh  salmon  waste  have  more  than  16 %  of  oil  fish  per  one  kg  of  salmon  waste.  The oil weight from Salmon waste for (head, skin,  viscera,  backbone,  frames  and  cuts  off). was increased with pressing time increase as well as oil productivity increased.  The  optimum  conditions  at  pressing  time  was  200  min, for all salmon waste components .  Oil  productivity   fluctuated according to waste sources  was  190, 210, 86, 188, 178 and 90 g.oil/1000  g. by head, skin, off  cuts , terming, ,  viscera , and backbone frames,  Salmon  by-products,  oil  productivity  was ranged between 8.60 to 21.00%  at  constant  pressure. High contents of functional EPA (20:5 ω 3) and DHA (22:6 ω 3) for oil fish .

As in other vertebrates, in fishes too, the adrenal tissues are the source of the synthesis and storage of the corticosteroids and catecholamines – the stress hormones. The corticosteroids are secreted by the interrenal tissues and the catecholamines are secreted by the chromaffin tissues of the adrenal gland. These stress hormones trigger a broad suite of morphological, biochemical and physiological changes which are considered as important indicators of stress induced changes. Experiments were conducted on two fishes, Carassius auratus and Heteropneustes fossilis that were exposed to moderate hypoxia   (30-50 % dissolved oxygen saturation) and acute hypoxia (<30 % oxygen saturation). Their adrenal tissues were examined electron microscopically for the stress responses in the interrenal and chromaffin tissues. Differential stress responses were observed in these fishes – moderate hypoxia induced interrenal hyperactivity and chromaffin stimulation in C.auratus as against no noticeable changes in H.fossilis. The latter was stressed only under conditions of acute hypoxia showing degenerative changes in the interrenal cells and increased production of adrenaline granules in the chromaffin cells, however these changes were much reduced in comparison to that in C.auratus. Hypoxic environments impose considerable stress upon aquatic organisms to which they respond differently. The findings of the present study indicate the role of the interrenal tissues and the chromaffin tissues in countering stress and their significance as important and reliable stress biomarkers.

The aim of presentation consists of aquaculture, marine biology, health, daily use of life, employment, income, economy, crises, poverty and hunger were studied and reported that aquaculture and marine biology is the major industry for the development of health, basic need of daily life, create employment, generate income, stronger economy, reducing financial crises, global Poverty and hunger in the developing countries of the world particularly in south Asia.  The study reported that Aquaculture is the breeding, rearing and harvesting of fish, shellfish, plants, algae and other organism in all types of water environments including ponds, river, lakes and the ocean. Aquaculture is consisting of two main types i. fresh water plants and animals ii.  Marine water plants and animal. The main difference between fresh water and marine life is freshwater fish lives in stream, rivers and lacks that have salinity of less than 0.05 percent, however marine life refers to fish living in ocean and seas. The study reported that Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms that live in salt water. A marine biologist, by definition, is a person that studies, or works with a salt water organism or organisms. In other words Marine biology is the study of marine organisms, their behaviors and interactions with the environment. Marine biologists study biological oceanography and the associated fields of chemical, physical, and geological oceanography to understand marine organisms. The study reported that the total countries available in the world are 225, consist of (Developed countries = 49, developing countries = 150, observer state = 4, state without partial recognition = 8, unrecognized state = 14). Similarly, South Asia comprises the countries of Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka.  In the light of above study, it is proposed that aquaculture and Marine Biology should be commercialized  for the development of health, basic need of daily life, create employment, generate income, stronger economy, reducing financial crises, global Poverty and hunger in the developing countries of the world particularly in south Asia.

This study investigated effect of land use on soil phosphorous sorption characteristics and physicochemical properties of surface soils of cultivated, grazing, homestead, natural forest and eucalyptus plantation lands in the Assosa District of North Western Ethiopia. The objectives of this study were to evaluate P-sorption characteristics and to see effect of different land use types on the P sorption and on soil properties. Composite surface (0-20 cm) soil samples from 15 sites of Assosa district were collected arranged for analysis. Soil P sorption was measured in the laboratory by batch experiment. From each land use type, physic chemical properties of soils were evaluated using different extractants and P sorption isotherms were described by Langmuir and Freindulich equations provided a good fit for Langmuir equation for the equilibrium P concentration. Values of the P sorption maximum of the soils ranged from 97.09 to 243.90 mg kg-1 and the distribution coefficient (Kf) values of soils ranged from 0.04-0.18 mg P Kg-1 based on Freundlich model. Soils of the cultivated land with high clay and exchangeable cation contents had high degree of P sorption than the remaining land use systems. Soils physicochemical properties and their relationships with P-adsorption data were determined by correlation analysis method. The results revealed that the P-sorption data were fitted well with both Langmuir and Freundlich models with R² values of 0.72 and 0.96 respectively. But the former model was found to better in describing P-sorption data than the later model. Bonding energy constant (K) of Langmuir model and Freundlich constant (b) ranged from 0.107-0.220 L/mg and 0.83-0.95 respectively. Among the various soil properties which correlated with P sorption maxima of significance was PH (R² = 0.92) and CEC (R² = 0.78) was significantly correlated. The study illustrated that P sorption isotherm in relation to soil properties can be used as a tool of P management in sustainable crop production. It was concluded that P-sorption models can effectively be used to discriminate soils based on P-fixation ability.

This communication discusses a comprehensive review of biomass energy sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce emissions globally. This study highlights the energy problem and their possible saving that can be achieved through the use of biomass energy sources. Also, this study clarifies the background of the study, highlights the potential energy saving that could be achieved. The use of biomass energy source describes the objectives, approach and scope of the theme. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated as a whole while especially in remote rural areas.

Keywords: Biomass resources, wastes, woodfuel, biofuels, energy, environment

Aquaponics is an integrated farming concept that combines elements of a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and hydroponics. This food production system promises a reduced environmental footprint when compared to conventional separated farming systems. Encouraging results could be obtained when running PAFF Box, a pilot system. Furthermore, one of our recent studies has demonstrated that aquaponic systems could surpass the plant growth rates found in conventional hydroponic systems. Microorganisms and dissolved organic matter are suspected to play an important role in RAS water for promoting plant roots and shoots growth. In that context, we first focused on the molecular characterization of the bacterial communities hosted in eight European aquaponics and aquaculture systems, including our PAFF Box system (Eck et al., in press). At the phylum level, the bacterial communities from all systems are relatively similar with a predominance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, however, the communities present in the sampled systems are more heterogeneous. Additional results will be presented concerning taxa identified in the systems that could have beneficial functions for plant growth. We also studied the potential protective action of the microbial aquaponics communities against plants diseases. In vitro and in vivo experimentations indicated the inhibitory effect of such community against Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp, an important oomycetes pathogen on lettuces (unpublished results). These results highlight that aquaculture and aquaponic waters are novel sources of biostimulant and biocontrol microorganisms. Their deep characterization and possible manipulations will contribute to a better performance of aquaponic systems.

In Brazil, aquaculture activity has reached, in 2016, production of approximately 600 thousand tons (IBGE, 2016). Much of this production is in semi-intensive farming systems, with regular water changes and less biosecurity, However, in recent years the cultivation of marine shrimp has experienced viral outbreak problems such a IMNV (Infectious Myonecrosis Virus) and WSSV (White Spot Syndrome Virus) and consequently reduced productivity, for this reason it is necessary to use new production systems as the cultures in heterotrophic medium with zero exchange of water, where the development of the biofloc system (BFT) occurs through the manipulation of the carbon: Nitrogen ratio in the growing environment, stimulating the growth of microbial community formed by different microorganisms, these flocs constitute as alternative food to the cultivated animals, providing an increase in growth and participating in the regulation of water quality. However, some studies with bioflocs indicate a deficiency in polyunsaturated fatty acids as EPA and DHA. Thus, the planktonic and microbial communities found in Litopenaeus vannamei intensive cultivation systems play an important role in the recycling of nutrients, assimilating the nitrogen compounds and maintaining the water quality of these systems, thus promoting the incorporation of microalgae and rotifers to have a mixotrophic medium. The diatoms are outstanding because they have a high nutritional content and can contribute mainly with highly unsaturated fatty acids. In this context, the studies using Navicula sp. and Brachionus plicatilis in biofloc systems gave good results regarding the nutritional contribution of these live foods on the growth of Litopenaeus vannamei. Finally it is concluded that a mixotrophic culture with the inoculation of diatoms and rotifers in BFT systems has benefits for the development of post-larvae of L. vannamei, since it presented higher values in the performance variables for final mean weight, productivity, biomass gain, specific growth rate and increase of lipid contents in both the biofloc and shrimp body.

The major diseases affecting the farmed shrimp industry were of bacterial origin in Asia from late 1980s. At present world-wide the appearance of various major viral diseases ¬– such as White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Yellow Head Virus (YHV), Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV), Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome AHPNS and others – led to changes in design and operation systems of shrimp farms to prevent and control disease outbreaks. The most important development in early 2000 was L. vannamei SPF brood stock from Hawaii. Early shrimp farming design and operation were based on simple culture ponds with water intake and waste water discharge back into the environment known as ‘singlepond base management’. In operation also to keep good pond environment the water was pumped in as required or known as ‘flow-through system’. With intensive operation system the required DO was acquired through aerators and phytoplankton (DO production cycles) in pond water. This leads to unstainable in production due to unstable water environmental condition and environmental degeneration. Shrimp bacterial diseases such as Vibrio spp started to appear which a threat to shrimp farming industry was. This forced shrimp farmers to use reservoirs to treat the water before use and some most farmers constructed waste water system to treat waste water before discharging into environment. For stable environment and prevent diseases more energy was used with less exchange of pond water which was to some extent successful. From mid-1900s the WSSV appeared in Asia. These again prompt shrimp farmers to treat incoming water and waste water before discharging into environment. Recently, due to re-appearance of WSSV and outbreaks of AHPNS (EMS) farmers were using RAS systems in small shrimp farms or in raceways systems or modular systems in large shrimp farms. Recently the environment friendly biofloc technology, Aquaminicry, organic shrimp farming, etc, are being applied. However, the important factor for sustainable production was the farm biosecurity to control or prevent from shrimp disease entering hatchery or farm facilities. In any aquaculture business, sustainability of a system can improve profits. What investors, shrimp farmers and technicians need to be aware of is that, whatever waste is discharged into the environment, it will likely come back to you in the form of disease sooner or later.

Marine bivalves are highly appreciated by humans, representing important economic value with an increasing demand. Aquaculture is a promising solution to overcome this demand. Aquaculture development has a stronger manifestation in some Asiatic, American, and European countries, like Portugal. In this study, six commercially important species (Cerastoderma edule (A), Crassostrea gigas (B), Mytilus galloprovincialis (C), Ruditapes decussatus (D), Scrobicularia plana (E) and Solen marginatus (F)) were sampled in areas of harvest and established aquaculture production in Portugal, the Mondego estuary and the Ria Formosa lagoon, in winter 2016 and summer 2017. These samples were used to: 1) determine the biochemical composition for total protein content, fatty acid (FA) and carbohydrate profiles 2) identify potential spatial and seasonal variations in the biochemical composition, and 3) assess feeding behaviour of the bivalve species in both seasons and study areas. All species presented higher total protein content, followed by diverse FA content, specially DHA and EPA, and glucose and glycogen as the main sugar and polysaccharide, respectively. Omnivory was confirmed in all bivalve species, with only S. marginatus presenting an exclusive herbivorous behaviour in summer. M. galloprovincialis and R. decussatus showed the highest nutritional value in the Mondego estuary, more noticeable in winter. In Ria Formosa, C. edule and R. decussatus presented the highest nutritional value, while C. gigas exhibited higher nutritive value in summer. These species are pointed out as the best choices for a healthy human diet and confirmed as a reliable choice for harvesting and production in aquacultures.

Background: The Penghu Southern Four Islands National Park (PSFLNP) of the marine national park management office of Taiwan is independent of the world. Without over-exploitation, its marine ecology maintains a natural; low-pollution environment. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the sea slug’s biodiversity and distribution in PSFLNP. Methods: Fourteen 50 m*20 m bio phase areas were selected, visual strip-transects and GPS positioning were applied to search the species, body length and numbers. All the data were recorded and identification. Plymouth routines in Multivariate Ecological Research software was used to analyze the distribution. Results: These surveys were found 5 orders, 22 families and 95 species, 72 species accounted for effective species and 23 species accounted of unknown species, body length between 3 mm and 150 mm, numbers from 1 to 20. Conclusion: The study indicated that the sea slug’s biodiversity and distribution are very high in PSFLNP, especially in reef cliff areas, 26 degrees seawater temperature and 8-17 m depth.

Introduction: While cyanobacteria and algae living in sea water are well recognized, those that are the components of aerosols are rarely the focus of scientific research, especially in the Baltic Sea region. That’s why the aim of this study was to determine whether among the identified microalgae and cyanobacteria there were any capable of posing a potential threat to human health. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: Bioaerosols were collected in 2015 on land and at sea on petri dished covered with f/2 culture medium and placed in six-step microbiological pollutant sampler (<1.1 μm->7 μm). In all samples the taxonomic composition and number of identified taxa were analysed. Findings: It was found that cyanobacteria and microalgae having been identified both in the atmosphere over the sea and over land during the entire study period are omnipresent microbiological air pollutants. Some of them had been transported from remote areas, such as Gloeothece sp. - a species not typical for the Southern Baltic Sea. Conclusion & Significance: The higher the primary production in sea water and the concentration of phytoplankton in it, the greater the diversity in terms of the microorganisms observed in the collected bioaerosol samples. Other important factors were: Water temperature, accessibility of light and the amount of available phosphorus and nitrogen in the surface water. In the atmosphere over land, microorganisms dominated in aerosol particles of smaller dimensions (<3.3 µm in diameter). Over the sea, there was a reverse situation. That resulted from the fact that smaller aerosols could be better distributed over long distances. Among the identified microorganisms were species which pose a threat to human health and life. Seeing as in the surrounding air, part of the everyday environment of the human habitat, those species were incorporated into small, respirable particles, it is necessary to conduct further research.